Che Guevara

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For criticism see Criticism of Che_Guevara

Ernesto "Che" Guevara June 14,^[1] 1928 – October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara, El Che, or simply Che, was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, politician, author, physician, military theorist, and guerrilla leader. After his death, his stylized image became a ubiquitous countercultural symbol worldwide.

As a young medical student, Guevara traveled throughout Latin America and was transformed by the endemic poverty he witnessed. His experiences and observations during these trips led him to conclude that the region's ingrained economic inequalities were an intrinsic result of monopoly capitalism, neo-colonialism, and imperialism, with the only remedy being world revolution. This belief prompted his involvement in Guatemala's social reforms under President Jacobo Arbenz, whose eventual CIA-assisted overthrow solidified Guevara's radical ideology.

Later, in Mexico, he met Fidel Castro and joined his 26th of July Movement. In December 1956, he was among the revolutionaries who invaded Cuba under Castro's leadership with the intention of overthrowing U.S.-backed Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. Guevara soon rose to prominence among the insurgents, was promoted to Comandante, and played a pivotal role in the successful guerrilla campaign that deposed Batista.^[2] Following the Cuban revolution, Guevara reviewed the appeals of those convicted as war criminals during the revolutionary tribunals.^[3] Later he served as minister of industry and president of the national bank, before traversing the globe as a diplomat to meet an array of world leaders on behalf of Cuban socialism. He was also a prolific writer and diarist, composing a seminal manual on the theory and practice of guerrilla warfare, along with an acclaimed memoir about his motorcycle journey across South America. Guevara left Cuba in 1965 to incite revolutions first in an unsuccessful attempt in Congo-Kinshasa and then in Bolivia, where he was captured with the help of the CIA and executed.

Both notorious for his harsh discipline and revered for his unwavering dedication to his revolutionary doctrines, Guevara remains an admired, controversial, and significant historical figure. As a result of his death and romantic visage, along with his invocation to armed class struggle and desire to create the consciousness of a "new man" driven by "moral" rather than "material" incentives,^[4] Guevara evolved into a quintessential icon of leftist-inspired movements as well as a global merchandising sensation. He has been mostly venerated and occasionally reviled in a multitude of biographies, memoirs, books, essays, documentaries, songs, and films. Time Magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century,^[5] while an Alberto Korda photograph of him entitled Guerrillero Heroico (shown), was declared "the most famous photograph in the world."^[6]

Ernesto "Che" Guevara
Che Guevara at the La Coubre memorial service. Taken by Alberto Korda on March 5, 1960
Date of birth:	June 14, 1928[1]
Place of birth:	Rosario, Argentina
Date of death:	October 9 1967 (aged 39)
Place of death:	La Higuera, Bolivia
Major organizations:	26th of July Movement, United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution,[7] National Liberation Army (Bolivia)

Early life

Ernesto "Che" Guevara's birthplace, in Rosario, Argentina.     File:Camera-photo.svg   Other view.

Ernesto Guevara was born on June 14, 1928^[1] in Rosario, Argentina, the eldest of five children in a family of Basque and Irish descent.^[9] Through his grandmother, Ana Lynch, he was a descendant of Patrick Lynch, an emigrant from Galway in the 1740's. Growing up in a family with leftist leanings, Guevara was introduced to a wide spectrum of political perspectives even as a boy. Growing up, his father, a supporter of Juan Peron and socialism often had republicans from the Spanish Civil War in the Guevara home. This led to his later ideas of socialism. Though suffering from the crippling bouts of asthma that were to afflict him throughout his life, he excelled as an athlete. He was an avid rugby union player and earned himself the nickname "Fuser"—a contraction of "El Furibundo" (raging) and his mother's surname "de la Serna"—for his aggressive style of play.^[10] Ernesto was also nicknamed "Chancho" (pig) by his schoolmates, because he rarely bathed, and proudly wore a "weekly shirt".

In 1948, Guevara entered the University of Buenos Aires to study medicine. While still a student in 1951, Guevara took a year off from his medical studies to embark on a trip traversing South America by motorcycle with his friend Alberto Granado, with the final goal of spending a few weeks volunteering at the San Pablo Leper colony in Peru, on the banks of the Amazon River. Guevara used notes taken during this trip to write an account entitled The Motorcycle Diaries, which later became a New York Times best-seller,^[17] and was adapted into a 2004 award-winning film of the same name.

Witnessing the widespread poverty, oppression and disenfranchisement throughout Latin America, and influenced by his readings of Marxist literature, Guevara began to view armed revolution as the solution to social inequality. By trip's end, he also viewed Latin America not as separate nations, but as a single entity requiring a continent-wide liberation strategy. His conception of a borderless, united Hispanic America sharing a common 'mestizo' heritage was a theme that prominently recurred during his later revolutionary activities. Upon returning to Argentina, he completed his studies and received his medical diploma in June 1953.^[18]

Cuba

Guevara arrived in Mexico City in early September 1954, and renewed his friendship with Ñico López and the other Cuban exiles whom he had met in Guatemala. In June 1955, López introduced him to Raúl Castro who subsequently introduced him to his older brother, Fidel Castro, the revolutionary leader who had formed the 26th of July Movement and was now plotting to overthrow the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. During a lengthy conversation with Castro on the night of their first meeting, Guevara concluded that the Cuban's cause was the one for which he had been searching and before daybreak he had signed up as a member of the 26J Movement.^[20]

Although he planned to be the group's medic, Guevara participated in the military training with the members of the Movement, and, at the end of the course, was called "the best guerrilla of them all" by their instructor, Colonel Alberto Bayo.^[21] The first step in Castro's revolutionary plan was an assault on Cuba from Mexico via the Granma, an old, leaky cabin cruiser. They set out for Cuba on November 25, 1956. Attacked by Batista's military soon after landing, many of the 82 men were either killed in the attack or executed upon capture; only 22 found each other afterwards.^[22] Guevara wrote that it was during this bloody confrontation that he laid down his medical supplies and picked up a box of ammunition dropped by a fleeing comrade, finalizing his symbolic transition from physician to combatant.

Only a small band of revolutionaries survived to re-group as a bedraggled fighting force deep in the Sierra Maestra mountains, where they received support from the urban guerrilla network of Frank País, the 26th of July Movement, and local country folk. With the group withdrawn to the Sierra, the world wondered whether Castro was alive or dead until early 1957 when the interview by Herbert Matthews appeared in The New York Times. The article presented a lasting, almost mythical image for Castro and the guerrillas. Guevara was not present for the interview, but in the coming months he began to realize the importance of the media in their struggle. Meanwhile, as supplies and morale grew low, Guevara considered these "the most painful days of the war."^[23]

At this point Castro promoted Guevara to comandante of a second army column. However, Guevara's first idea to hit an enemy garrison at Bueuycito did not go as planned. When his men were late to arrive, he began the attack without them. He told a sentry to halt, but when the sentry moved, Guevara decided to shoot. However, his gun jammed, as did the gun of the young rebel who was with him. Guevara fled under a hail of bullets, which in turn brought a hail of bullets from the rebels in the hills, and the barracks surrendered before Guevara repaired his tommy gun. As Guevara said, "My survival instincts took over."^[24]

As Guevara reconsidered his tactics, he imposed even harsher disciplinary treatment. Deserters were punished as traitors, and Guevara was known to send execution squads to hunt down those seeking to escape.^[25] As a result, Guevara became feared for his brutality and ruthlessness.^[26] During the guerrilla campaign, Guevara was also responsible for the execution of a number of men accused of being informers, deserters or spies.^[27]

His commanding officer Fidel Castro has described Guevara as intelligent, daring, and an exemplary leader who "had great moral authority over his troops".^[28] However, Castro has also remarked that Guevara took too many risks, even having a "tendency toward foolhardiness".^[29]

Guevara was instrumental in creating the clandestine radio station Radio Rebelde in February 1958, which broadcast news to the Cuban people and statements by the 26th of July movement, and provided radio telephone communication between the growing number of rebel columns across the island. Guevara had apparently been inspired to create the station by observing the effectiveness of CIA supplied radio in Guatemala in ousting the government of Jacobo Arbenz.^[30]

In late July of 1958 Guevara would play a critical role in the Battle of Las Mercedes by using his column to halt a force of 1,500 men called up by Batista's General Cantillo in a plan to encircle and destroy Castro's forces. Years later, USMC Major Larry Bockman, would analyze and describe Che's tactical appreciation of this battle as "brilliant".^[31] As the war extended, Guevara led a new column of fighters dispatched westward for the final push towards Havana. In the closing days of December 1958, Guevara directed his "suicide squad" in the attack on Santa Clara, that became the final decisive military victory of the revolution.^[32][33] Radio Rebelde broadcast the first reports that Guevara's column had taken Santa Clara on New Years Eve 1958. This contradicted reports by the heavily controlled national news media, which had at one stage reported Guevara's death during the fighting. Batista, upon learning that his generals were negotiating a separate peace with the rebel leader, fled to the Dominican Republic the next day on January 1, 1959.

After the revolution

On January 8, 1959, Castro's army rolled victoriously into Havana. In February, the revolutionary government proclaimed Guevara "a Cuban citizen by birth" in recognition of his role in the triumph.^[35] When Hilda Gadea arrived in Cuba in late January, Guevara told her that he was involved with another woman, and the two "agreed on a divorce,"^[36] which became finalized on May 22.^[37] On June 2, 1959, he married Aleida March, a Cuban-born member of the 26th of July movement with whom he had been living since late 1958.^[38]

During the rebellion against Batista's dictatorship, the general command of the rebel army, led by Fidel Castro, introduced into the liberated territories the 19th-century penal law commonly known as the Ley de la Sierra.^[39] This law included the death penalty for extremely serious crimes, whether perpetrated by the dictatorship or by supporters of the revolution. In 1959, the revolutionary government extended its application to the whole of the republic and to war criminals captured and tried after the revolution. According to the Cuban Ministry of Justice, this latter extension supported by the majority of the population, followed the same procedure as those in the Nuremberg Trials held by the Allies after World War II.^[40] To implement this plan, Castro named Guevara commander of the La Cabaña Fortress prison, for a five-month tenure (January 2 through June 12, 1959).^[41] Guevara was charged with purging the Batista army and consolidating victory by exacting "revolutionary justice" against traitors, chivatos, and Batista's war criminals.^[42] Serving in the post as commander of La Cabaña, Guevara reviewed the appeals of those convicted during the revolutionary tribunal process.^[43] On some occasions the penalty delivered by the tribunal was death by firing squad.^[44] Raúl Gómez Treto, senior legal advisor to the Cuban Ministry of Justice, considered removing restrictions on the death penalty to be justified in order to prevent citizens themselves from taking justice into their own hands.^[45] With 20,000 Cubans estimated to have been murdered at the hands of Batista's accomplices,^[46] and a survey at the time showing 93 percent public approval for the tribunal process,^[47] the newly empowered Cuban government along with Guevara concurred. Although the exact numbers differ, it is estimated that several hundred people were executed during this time.^[48]

On June 12, 1959, as soon as Guevara returned to Havana, Castro sent him out on a three-month tour of fourteen countries, most of them Bandung Pact members in Africa and Asia. Sending Guevara from Havana also allowed Castro to appear to be distancing himself from Guevara and his Marxist sympathies, that troubled both the United States and some of Castro's 26th of July Movement members.^[50] He spent twelve days in Japan (July 15–27), participating in negotiations aimed at expanding Cuba's trade relations with that nation. During this visit Guevara also secretly visited the city of Hiroshima, where the American military had detonated an atom-bomb fourteen years earlier. Guevara was "really shocked" at what he witnessed and by his visit to a hospital where A-bomb survivors were being treated.^[51]

Upon returning to Cuba in September 1959, it was evident that Castro now had more political power. The government had begun land seizures included in the agrarian reform law, but was hedging on compensation offers to landowners, instead offering low interest "bonds", which put the U.S. on alert. At this point the affected wealthy cattlemen of Camagüey mounted a campaign against the land redistributions, and enlisted the newly disaffected rebel leader Huber Matos, who along with the anti-Communist wing of the 26th of July Movement, joined them in denouncing the "Communist encroachment."^[52] During this time Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo was offering assistance to the "Anti-Communist Legion of the Caribbean" who was training in the Dominican Republic. This multi-national force comprised mostly of Spaniards and Cubans, but also of Croatians, Germans, Greeks, and right-wing mercenaries, were plotting to topple Fidel Castro.^[53]

These developments prompted Castro to further clean house of "counter-revolutionaries", and appoint Guevara chief official at the National Institute of Agrarian Reform INRA and later President of the National Bank of Cuba BNC, while allowing him to retain his military rank.^[54]

In 1960 Guevara provided first aid to victims when the freighter La Coubre, a French vessel carrying munitions from the port of Antwerp, exploded twice while it was being unloaded in Havana harbor, resulting in well over a hundred dead.^[55] It was at the memorial service for the victims of this explosion that Alberto Korda took the famous photograph now known as Guerrillero Heroico.

Guevara desired to see a diversification in Cuba's economy, as well as an elimination of material incentives, in favor of moral ones. Guevara viewed capitalism as a "contest among wolves" where "one can only win at the cost of others", and thus desired to see the creation of a "new man and woman".^[56] An integral part of fostering a sense of "unity between the individual and the mass", Guevara believed, was volunteer work and will. To display this, Guevara "led by example", working "endlessly at his ministry job, in construction, and even cutting sugar cane" on his day off.^[57] During this time he also wrote several publications advocating a replication of the Cuban revolutionary model, promoting small rural guerrilla groups (foco theory) as an alternative to massive armed insurrection.

Guevara did not participate in the fighting of the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion, having been ordered by Castro to a secretly prearranged command post in Cuba's western Pinar del Río province, where he fended off a decoy force.^[58] He suffered a bullet grazing to the cheek during this deployment, however, when his pistol fell out of its holster and accidentally discharged.^[59] In August 1961, during an economic conference of the Organization of American States in Punta del Este, Uruguay, Che Guevara sent a note of "gratitude" to U.S. President John F. Kennedy through Richard N. Goodwin, a young secretary of the White House. It read "Thanks for Playa Girón (Bay of Pigs). Before the invasion, the revolution was shaky. Now it's stronger than ever."^[60]

Guevara played a key role in bringing to Cuba the Soviet nuclear-armed ballistic missiles that precipitated the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. During an interview with the British Communist newspaper The Daily Worker a few weeks after the crisis, Guevara still fuming, stated that if the missiles had been under Cuban control, they would have fired them off.^[61] Sam Russell, the British correspondent who spoke to Guevara at the time came away with "mixed feelings", calling him "a warm character" and "clearly a man of great intelligence", but "crackers from the way he went on about the missiles."^[62]

Leaves Cuba

Main article: Che Guevara outside Cuba

In December 1964, Che Guevara traveled to New York City as head of the Cuban delegation to speak at the United Nations. He also appeared on the CBS Sunday news program Face the Nation^[64] and met with a range of people, from U.S. Senator Eugene McCarthy^[65] to associates of Malcolm X. Malcolm X expressed his admiration, declaring Guevara "one of the most revolutionary men in this country right now" while reading a statement from Guevara to a crowd at the Audubon Ballroom.^[66]

On December 17, Guevara left for Paris and embarked on a three-month tour that included the People's Republic of China, the United Arab Republic (Egypt), Algeria, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Dahomey, Congo-Brazzaville and Tanzania, with stops in Ireland and Prague. In Algiers on February 24, 1965, he made what turned out to be his last public appearance on the international stage when he delivered a speech at an economic seminar on Afro-Asian solidarity.^[67] He specified the moral duty of the socialist countries, accusing them of tacit complicity with the exploiting Western countries. He proceeded to outline a number of measures which he said the communist-bloc countries must implement in order to accomplish the defeat of imperialism.^[68] Having criticized the Soviet Union (the primary financial backer of Cuba) in such a public manner, he returned to Cuba on March 14 to a solemn reception by Fidel and Raúl Castro, Osvaldo Dorticós and Carlos Rafael Rodríguez at the Havana airport.

Two weeks later, in 1965 Guevara dropped out of public life and then vanished altogether. His whereabouts were a great mystery in Cuba, as he was generally regarded as second in power to Castro himself. His disappearance was variously attributed to the failure of the industrialization scheme he had advocated while minister of industry, to pressure exerted on Castro by Soviet officials disapproving of Guevara's pro-Chinese Communist stance on the Sino-Soviet split, and to serious differences between Guevara and the pragmatic Castro regarding Cuba's economic development and ideological line. Castro had grown increasingly wary of Guevara's popularity and considered him a potential threat. Castro's critics sometimes say his explanations for Guevara's disappearance have always been suspect.

The coincidence of Guevara's views with those expounded by the Chinese Communist leadership was increasingly problematic for Cuba as the nation's economy became more and more dependent on the Soviet Union. Since the early days of the Cuban revolution, Guevara had been considered by many an advocate of Maoist strategy in Latin America and the originator of a plan for the rapid industrialization of Cuba which was frequently compared to China's "Great Leap Forward". According to Western observers of the Cuban situation, the fact that Guevara was opposed to Soviet conditions and recommendations that Castro pragmatically saw as necessary, may have been the reason for his disappearance. However, both Guevara and Castro were supportive publicly on the idea of a united front.

Following the Cuban Missile Crisis and what Guevara perceived as a Soviet betrayal when Khrushchev withdrew the missiles from Cuban territory, Guevara had grown more skeptical of the Soviet Union. As revealed in his last speech in Algiers, he had come to view the Northern Hemisphere, led by the U.S. in the West and the Soviet Union in the East, as the exploiter of the Southern Hemisphere. He strongly supported Communist North Vietnam in the Vietnam War, and urged the peoples of other developing countries to take up arms and create "many Vietnams".^[69]

Pressed by international speculation regarding Guevara's fate, Castro stated on June 16, 1965 that the people would be informed when Guevara himself wished to let them know. Still, rumors spread both inside and outside Cuba. On October 3 of that year, Castro revealed an undated letter purportedly written to him by Guevara some months earlier: in it, Guevara reaffirmed his enduring solidarity with the Cuban Revolution, but declared his intention to leave Cuba to fight for the revolutionary cause abroad. Additionally, he resigned from all his positions in the government and party, and renounced his honorary Cuban citizenship.^[70] Guevara's movements continued to be a closely guarded secret for the next two years.

Legacy

Main articles: Legacy of Che Guevara and Che Guevara in popular culture

Forty years after his execution, Che's life and deeds still remain a contentious issue.

Some view Che Guevara as a hero;^[71] for example, Nelson Mandela referred to him as "an inspiration for every human being who loves freedom" while Jean-Paul Sartre described him as "not only an intellectual but also the most complete human being of our age."^[72] Guevara remains a beloved national hero to many in Cuba, where his image adorns the 3 $ Cuban Peso and school children begin each morning by pledging "We will be like Che."^[73] In his native homeland of Argentina, where high schools bear his name,^[74] numerous Che museums dot the country, which in 2008 unveiled a 12 foot bronze statue of him in his birth city of Rosario.^[75] Additionally, Guevara has been sanctified by some Bolivian campesinos as "Saint Ernesto", to whom they pray for assistance.^[76]

Conversely, others view him as a spokesman for a failed ideology and as a ruthless executioner. Johann Hari, for example, writes that "Che Guevara is not a free-floating icon of rebellion. He was an actual person who supported an actual system of tyranny."^[77] Detractors have also theorized that in much of Latin America, Che-inspired revolutions had the practical result of reinforcing brutal militarism for many years.^[78] He also remains a hated figure amongst many in the Cuban exile community, who view him with animosity as "the butcher of La Cabaña."^[79]

Moreover, Guevara has ironically been subsumed by the capitalist consumer culture he despised. The primary variable of this phenomenon has been a monochrome graphic of his face, which has become one of the World's most universally merchandized images,^[80] found on an endless array of items including: t-shirts, hats, posters, tattoos, and even bikinis.^[81] Yet, Guevara also remains an iconic figure both in specifically political contexts^[82] and as a wide-ranging popular icon of youthful rebellion.^[83]

Timeline

Template:Cgtimeline

File:SMPlayer icon.png Archival footage

• Guevara reciting a poem, (1:00),   English subtitles, from El Che: Investigating a Legend - Kultur Video 2001, Video Clip
• Guevara showing support for Fidel Castro, (0:22),   English subtitles, from El Che: Investigating a Legend - Kultur Video 2001, Video Clip
• Guevara speaking about labor, (0:28),   English subtitles, from El Che: Investigating a Legend - Kultur Video 2001, Video Clip
• Guevara speaking about the Bay of Pigs, (0:17),   English subtitles, from El Che: Investigating a Legend - Kultur Video 2001, Video Clip
• Guevara speaking out against imperialism, (1:20),   English subtitles, from El Che: Investigating a Legend - Kultur Video 2001, Video Clip

List of works

Originally written in Spanish by Ernesto "Che" Guevara, later translated into English

• A New Society: Reflections for Today's World,   Ocean Press, 1996, ISBN 1875284060
• Back on the Road: A Journey Through Latin America,   Grove Press, 2002, ISBN 0802139426
• Che Guevara, Cuba, and the Road to Socialism,   Pathfinder Press, 1991, ISBN 0873486439
• Che Guevara on Global Justice,   Ocean Press (AU), 2002, ISBN 1876175451
• Che Guevara: Radical Writings on Guerrilla Warfare, Politics and Revolution,   Filiquarian Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1599869993
• Che Guevara Speaks: Selected Speeches and Writings,   Pathfinder Press (NY), 1980, ISBN 0873486021
• Che Guevara Talks to Young People,   Pathfinder, 2000, ISBN 087348911X
• Colonialism is Doomed,   Ministry of External Relations: Republic of Cuba, 1964, ASIN B0010AAN1K
• Critical Notes on Political Economy: A Revolutionary Humanist Approach to Marxist Economics   Ocean Press, 2008, ISBN 1876175559
• Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War, 1956–58,   Pathfinder Press (NY), 1996, ISBN 0873488245
• Guerrilla Warfare: Authorized Edition   Ocean Press, 2006, ISBN 1920888284
• Marx & Engels: An Introduction,   Ocean Press, 2007, ISBN 1920888926
• Our America And Theirs: Kennedy And The Alliance For Progress,   Ocean Press, 2006, ISBN 1876175818
• Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War: Authorized Edition   Ocean Press, 2005, ISBN 1920888330
• Self Portrait Che Guevara,   Ocean Press (AU), 2004, ISBN 1876175826
• Socialism and Man in Cuba,   Pathfinder Press (NY), 1989, ISBN 0873485777
• The African Dream: The diaries of the Revolutionary War in the Congo   Grove Press, 2001, ISBN 0802138349
• The Argentine,   Ocean Press (AU), 2008, ISBN 1920888934
• The Bolivian Diary of Ernesto Che Guevara   Pathfinder Press, 1994, ISBN 0873487664
• The Che Guevara Reader,   Ocean Press (AU), 2003, ISBN 1876175699
• The Diary of Che Guevara: The Secret Papers of a Revolutionary,   Amereon Ltd, ISBN 0891902244
• The Great Debate on Political Economy,   Ocean Press, 2006, ISBN 1876175540
• The Motorcycle Diaries: A Journey Around South America   London: Verso, 1996, ISBN 1857023994
• To Speak the Truth: Why Washington's "Cold War" Against Cuba Doesn't End,   Pathfinder, 1993, ISBN 0873486331

1. ^ ^{a b c} The date of birth recorded on his birth certificate was June 14, 1928, although one tertiary source, (Julia Constenla, quoted by Jon Lee Anderson), asserts that he was actually born on May 14 of that year. Constenla alleges that she was told by an unidentified astrologer that his mother, Celia de la Serna, was already pregnant when she and Ernesto Guevara Lynch were married and that the date on the birth certificate of their son was forged to make it appear that he was born a month later than the actual date to avoid scandal. (Anderson 1997, pp. 3, 769.)
2. ^ "Castro's Brain" 1960.
3. ^ Taibo 2003, p. 267.
4. ^ Guevara 2005
5. ^ Dorfman 1999.
6. ^ Maryland Institute of Art, referenced at BBC News May 26, 2001.
7. ^ Partido Unido de la Revolución Socialista de Cuba, aka PURSC
8. ^ Lavretsky 1976
9. ^ Che's last name "Guevara" derives from the Castilianized form of the Basque "Gebara", a habitational name from the province of Álava.
10. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 28.
11. ^ Hart 2004, pg 98.
12. ^ Hart 2004, pg 98.
13. ^ Haney 2005, p. 164.
14. ^ (Anderson 1997, p. 37-38)
15. ^ (Anderson 1997, p. 37-38)
16. ^ (Anderson 1997, p. 37-38)
17. ^ NYT bestseller list: #38 Paperback Nonfiction on 2005-02-20, #9 Nonfiction on 2004-10-07 and on more occasions.
18. ^ Anderson 1997, pp. 98.
19. ^ "Castro's Brain" 1960.
20. ^ Taibo 2003, p. 93.
21. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 194.
22. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 213.
23. ^ DePalma 2006, pp. 110–111.
24. ^ Guevara 1996, Attack on Bueycito. (See reference to "El Viscaíno" on page 186.)
25. ^ Anderson 1997, pp. 269–270.
26. ^ Castañeda 1998, pp. 105, 119.
27. ^ Anderson 1997, pp. 269–270, 277–278.
28. ^ Ignacio 2007, p. 177.
29. ^ Ignacio 2007, p. 193.
30. ^ Revolution! Clandestine Radio and the Rise of Fidel Castro By Don Moore
31. ^ Bockman 1984.
32. ^ Castro 1972, pp. 439–442.
33. ^ Dorschner 1980, pp. 41–47, 81–87.
34. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 492.
35. ^ Anderson 1997, 397.
36. ^ Anderson 1997, pp. 400-401.
37. ^ Anderson 1997, pp. 424.
38. ^ Guevara had children from both his marriages, as well as one illegitimate child, as follows: With Hilda Gadea (married August 18, 1955; divorced May 22, 1959), Hilda Beatriz Guevara Gadea, born February 15, 1956 in Mexico City; died August 21, 1995 in Havana, Cuba; with Aleida March (married June 2, 1959), Aleida Guevara March, born November 24, 1960 in Havana, Cuba, Camilo Guevara March, born May 20, 1962 in Havana, Cuba, Celia Guevara March, born June 14, 1963 in Havana, Cuba, and Ernesto Guevara March, born February 24, 1965 in Havana, Cuba; and with Lilia Rosa López (extramarital), Omar Pérez, born March 19, 1964 in Havana, Cuba (Castañeda 1998, pp. 264–265).
39. ^ Gómez Treto 1991, p. 115. "The Penal Law of the War of Independence (July 28, 1896) was reinforced by Rule 1 of the Penal Regulations of the Rebel Army, approved in the Sierra Maestra February 21, 1958, and published in the army's official bulletin (Ley penal de Cuba en armas, 1959)" (Gómez Treto 1991, p. 123).
40. ^ Gómez Treto 1991, pp. 115–116).
41. ^ Anderson 1997, pp. 372, 425.
42. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 376.
43. ^ Taibo 2003, p. 267.
44. ^ Niess 2007, p. 60
45. ^ Gómez Treto 1991, p. 116).
46. ^ Niess 2007, p. 61
47. ^ Taibo 2003 p. 267.
48. ^ Different sources cite different numbers of executions. Anderson (1997) gives the number specifically at La Cabaña prison as fifty-five (p. 387.) while also stating that as a whole "several hundred people were officially tried and executed across Cuba" (p. 387.). This is supported by Lago who gives the figure as 216 documented executions across Cuba in two years.
49. ^ Dumur 1964 shows Che Guevara speaking French.
50. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 423.
51. ^ Niwata 2007. Guevara requested that the Japanese government arrange for him to visit Hiroshima. When they refused, he covertly left his Osaka hotel to visit Hiroshima by night train, along with his aide Omar Fernández.
52. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 435.
53. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 435.
54. ^ Guevara was appointed Director of the Industrialization Department of the National Institute for Agrarian Reform on October 7, 1959, and President of the National Bank of Cuba on November 26, 1959.
55. ^ Cuban Information Archives.
56. ^ Socialism and man in Cuba by Che Guevara, March 1965
57. ^ PBS: Che Guevara, Popular but Ineffective
58. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 506.
59. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 507.
60. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 509.
61. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 545.
62. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 545.
63. ^ Che Guevara: At the United Nations December 11, 1964, 19th General Assembly of the United Nations in New York.
64. ^ Snow 2007.
65. ^ Hart 2004, pg 271.
66. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 618.
67. ^ Guevara 1969, p. 350.
68. ^ Guevara 1969, pp. 352–59.
69. ^ Guevara 1967a, p. ???.
70. ^ Guevara 1965.
71. ^ Che's Second Coming? by David Rieff, November 20, 2005, New York Times
72. ^ Moynihan 2006.
73. ^ People's Weekly 2004.
74. ^ Argentina pays belated homage to "Che" Guevara by Helen Popper, Reuters, June 14, 2008
75. ^ Statue for Che's '80th birthday' by Daniel Schweimler, BBC News, June 15, 2008
76. ^ Schipani 2007.
77. ^ Hari 2007.
78. ^ Vargas Llosa 2005.
79. ^ D'Rivera 2005.
80. ^ BBC News May 26, 2001.
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82. ^ BBC News 2007.
83. ^ O'Hagan 2004.