Greenlandic language
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- For criticism see Criticism of Greenlandic_language
{{{1}}} The Greenlandic language is an Eskimo-Aleut language spoken by the people of Greenland. It is closely related to the Inuit languages in Canada, such as Inuktitut. It is spoken by about 54,000 people, which is more than all the other Eskimo-Aleut languages combined. The most prominent dialect is Western Greenlandic (Kalaallisut), which is the official language of Greenland. The northern dialect, Inuktun (Avanersuarmiutut), spoken around the city of Qaanaaq (Thule) is particularly closely related to Canadian Inuktitut. Other dialects are Eastern Greenlandic (Tunumiit oraasiat), and the dialect of Upernavik. Additionally, Danish and English are spoken in Greenland, and the country enjoys a 100% literacy rate.[1]
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Phonology
The most extensive study of Greenlandic phonology is Jørgen Rischel's "Topics in West Greenlandic Phonology" (1974)[2].
Vowels
Three vowels: /i/, /u/ and /a/
Before a uvular consonant ([q] or [ʁ]) /i/ is realized allophonically as [e] or [ɛ] and /u/ as [o] or [ɔ]. This alternation is shown in the modern standard orthography by writing /i/ and /u/ as <e> and <o> respectively when occurring before uvulars (<q> and <r>).
Double vowels are pronounced as two moras, so they are phonologically a vowel sequence not a long vowel, they are also written as two vowels in the orthography. There is no stress phonemic or phonetic but heavy syllables (with double vowel or in front of a consonant cluster) sound stressed and some intonational patterns also sound like stress.
Consonants
Letters between // are phonemes and the following letter is the way it is spelled in the new standard Greenlandic orthography of 1973.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stops | /p/ - p | /t/ - t | /k/ - k | /q/ - q | |
| Fricatives | /v/ - v~f [3] | /s/ - s | /ɣ/ - g | ||
| Nasals | /m/ - m | /n/ - n | /ŋ/ - ng | ||
| Liquids | /l/ - l ~ /ɬ/ - ll | /ʁ/ - r | |||
| Semivowel | /j/ - j |
Greenlandic phonology distinguishes itself phonologically from the other Inuit languages by a series of assimilations. One of the most famous Inuktitut words, iglu ("house"), is illu in Greenlandic, where the /gl/ consonant cluster of Inuktitut is assimilated into an unvoiced lateral affricate. The name Inuktitut, when translated into Kalaallisut, is Inuttut, for example.
Grammar
The language, like its relatives, is highly polysynthetic and ergative. There are almost no compound words, but mostly derivations. Greenland has three main dialects: Avanersuaq (Northern Greenland), Tunu (East Greenland) and Kitaa (West Greenland).
Greenlandic distinguishes two open word classes: nouns and verbs. Each category is subdivided by intransitive and transitive words. The language distinguishes four persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 3rd reflexive), two numbers (singular, plural; no dual as in Inuktitut), eight moods (indicative, participial, imperative, optative, past subjunctive, future subjunctive, habitual subjunctive), ten cases (absolutive, ergative, equative, instrumental, locative, allative, ablative, prolative; for some selected nouns: nominative, accusative). Verbs carry bipersonal inflection for subject and object (distinguished by person and number). Transitive nouns carry possessive inflection.
Orthography
In contrast to Eskimo-Aleut languages in Canada, Greenlandic is written with the Latin alphabet and not with the Inuktitut syllabary. A special character, Kra (ĸ), was used exclusively until the spelling reform of 1973 replaced it with the letter q. [4]
Further reading
- Fortescue, M. D. (1990). From the writings of the Greenlanders = Kalaallit atuakkiaannit. [Fairbanks, Alaska]: University of Alaska Press. ISBN 0912006439
- Sadock, J. M. (2003). A grammar of Kalaallisut: (West Greenlandic Inuttut). Languages of the world, 162. München: Lincom. ISBN 3895862347
See also
External links
- The Greenland Language Council
- http://old.bibelselskabet.dk/grobib/web/bibelen.htm The Bible in Kalaallisut] online translation from the Church of Denmark
- Greenlandic Inuktitut at Ethnologue
- Гренландский язык, a detailed article written by Н.Б. Вахтин (in Russian)
- Linguistic papers and on Kalaallisut language, also original texts, on Maria Bittner's homepage
- Bodil Kappel Schmidt: West Greenlandic antipassive
- http://kalaallisut.uit.no/ — A morphological parser for Kalaallisut (paste text to be analysed)
Notes
- ^ "Greenland". CIA World Factbook. 2008-06-19. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gl.html. Retrieved on 2008-07-11.
- ^ Jørgen Rischel, 1974, Topics in West Greenlandic Phonology. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
- ^ <f> is the way of writing the devoiced /vv/ geminate.
- ^ http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/greenlandic.pdf
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