Hungary

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For criticism see Criticism of Hungary

• Continued at Hungary, part 2, Hungary, part 3, and Hungary, part 4
• See also Hungary (digest) and Criticisms of Hungary

Magyar Köztársaság Republic of Hungary
Motto: none Historically Cum Deo pro Patria et Libertate (Latin, With the help of God for Homeland and Freedom) or Regnum Mariae Patronae Hungariae (Latin, Kingdom of Mary, the Patron of Hungary)
Anthem: Himnusz "Hymn" or "Anthem" ("God, bless the Hungarians") and Szózat
Location of  Hungary  (dark green) – on the European continent  (light green & dark grey) – in the European Union  (light green)  —  [Legend]
Capital (and largest city)		Budapest 47°26′N, 19°15′E
Official languages		Hungarian (Magyar)
Ethnic groups		95% Magyar, 2% Roma, 3% other minority groups
Demonym		Hungarian
Government		Parliamentary republic
-	President	László Sólyom
-	Prime minister	Gordon Bajnai
Foundation
-	Foundation of Hungary	896
-	Recognized as Kingdom - First king: Stephen I of Hungary	December 1000
-	Currently 3rd Republic	October 23, 1989
EU accession		May 1, 2004
Area
-	Total	93,030 km² (109th) 35,919 sq mi
-	Water (%)	0.74%
Population
-	2008 December estimate	10,031,000[1] (79th)
-	2001 census	10,198,315
-	Density	108/km² (95th) 282/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2008 estimate
-	Total	$196.074 billion[2]
-	Per capita	$19,499[2]
GDP (nominal)		2008 estimate
-	Total	$156.284 billion[2]
-	Per capita	$15,542[2]
Gini (2008)		24.96 (low) (3rd)
HDI (2008)		▲ 0.915 (high) (30th)
Currency		Forint (HUF)
Time zone		CET (UTC+1)
-	Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Internet TLD		.hu1
Calling code		+36
1	Also .eu as part of the European Union.

Hungary ( /ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (help·info); Hungarian: Magyarország ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ (listen) (help·info)), officially the Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság listen (help·info) "Hungarian Republic"), is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, Visegrád Group and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, which is part of the Finno-Ugric family. It is one of the 23 official languages of the European Union and one of four that is not of Indo-European origin.

Following a Celtic (after c. 450 BCE) and a Roman (9 BCE – c. 5th century) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late Ninth Century by the Magyar chieftain Árpád, whose great grandson Stephen I of Hungary ascended to the throne with a crown sent from Rome in 1000. The Kingdom of Hungary existed, with interruptions, for 946 years, and was, at times, regarded as one of the cultural centers of the Western world, particularly during the reigns of Stephen I, Béla IV, Louis I, Matthias I, and Lajos Kossuth. A significant power until the 1910s, Hungary lost over two-thirds of its territory (along with 3.3 million ethnic Hungarians following the collapse of Austria–Hungary at the end of World War I^[3] The postwar settlement was set forth in the Treaty of Trianon in 1920,^[4] the terms of which have been considered harsh, and even humiliating by Hungarians.^[5][6] Following a disastrous alliance with Nazi Germany during World War II, the kingdom was occupied by the Soviet Union which imposed a Communist government from 1947 to 1989. Hungary gained widespread international recognition by mounting the Revolution of 1956 and the seminal move of opening its border with Austria in 1989, thus accelerating the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. The present form of government is parliamentary republic (since 1989). Today, Hungary is a relatively high-income economy,^[7] and a regional leader regarding certain markers.^[8][9]

In the past decade, Hungary was listed as the 10th most economically dynamic area^[10] and one of the 15 most popular tourist destinations in the world,^[11][12] with a capital regarded as one of the most "beautiful urban landscapes in the world".^[13][14] The country is home to the second largest thermal lake in the world (Lake Hévíz), the largest lake in Central Europe (Lake Balaton), and the largest natural grassland in Europe (Hortobágy).

History

Main article: History of Hungary

Main article: Short history of Hungary

The land before AD 895

Main articles: Pannonian basin before Hungary, Hungarian prehistory, and Pannonia

After the Western Roman Empire collapsed under the stress of the migration of Germanic tribes and Carpian pressure, the Migration Period continued bringing many invaders to Europe. Among the first to arrive were the Huns, who built up a powerful empire under Attila. Attila the Hun was erroneously regarded as an ancestral ruler of the Hungarians, opinion rejected today by majority of scholars. It is believed that the origin of the name "Hungary" does not come from the Central Asian nomadic invaders called the Huns, but rather originated from 7th century, when Magyar tribes were part of a Bulgar alliance called On-Ogour, which in Bulgar Turkic meant "(the) Ten Arrows".^[15] After Hunnish rule faded, the Germanic Ostrogoths then the Lombards came to Pannonia, and the Gepids had a presence in the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin for about 100 years. In the 560s the Avars founded the Avar Khaganate, a state which maintained supremacy in the region for more than two centuries and had the military power to launch attacks against all its neighbours. The Avar Khaganate was weakened by constant wars and outside pressure. The Avars' 250 year rule ended when the Khaganate was conquered by the Franks under Charlemagne in the West and the Bulgarians under Krum in the East. Neither of these two nor others were able to create a lasting state in the region until the freshly unified Hungarians led by Árpád settled in the Carpathian Basin starting in 895.^[16]

Medieval Hungary

Main article: Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages

Hungary is one of the oldest countries in Europe, settled in 896, before France and Germany became separate entities, and before the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Medieval Hungary, the third largest of any country in Europe, controlled more territory than medieval France. Árpád was the Magyar leader who, unifying the Magyar tribes via the Covenant of Blood (Hungarian: Vérszerződés), forged one nation, thereafter known as the Hungarian nation^[17] and led the new nation to the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century.^[17] After the Carpathian Basin was secured from the Bulgarians and Moravians, the threat from the western Christian nations still persisted. In order to prevent a united force from being mounted against them, the Hungarians quickly engaged in preemptive warfare, that lead them as far as the Iberian Peninsula. The Hungarian tactics of warfare, which relied heavily on light horsemen with mastery of the reflex bow, was something not seen since the days of Attila, and had just as devastating an effect. Finally, in 955, at the Battle of Lechfeld, the Hungarians suffered a significant defeat at the hands of a united German and Bohemian force, a part of which was equipped as then revolutionary heavy knight. Taking the events into carefull consideration, the ruling prince (fejedelem) Géza of the Árpád dynasty, the ruler of only some of the united territory, but the nominal overlord of all seven Magyar tribes, determined to integrate Hungary into Christian Western Europe, rebuilding the state according to the Western political and social model.^[18] He named his son Vajk, later King Stephen I of Hungary, as his successor. This was contrary to the Magyar tradition of the succession of the eldest surviving member of the ruling family. By ancestral right prince Koppány, -as the oldest member of the dynasty- should have claimed the throne, but Géza chose his eldest son as his successor. A fight in the chief prince's family started after Géza's death in 997. Duke Koppány took up arms, and many people in Transdanubia joined him. The rebels represented the old faith and order, ancient human rights, tribal independence and pagan belief, but Stephen won a decisive victory over his uncle Koppány, and had him executed.

The Patrimonial Kingdom

In the year 1000, by the authority of the Pope, Hungary was established as a Catholic Apostolic Kingdom under Stephen I of Hungary. Applying to Pope Sylvester II, Stephen received insignia of royalty (including the still existent Holy Crown of Hungary). He was crowned in December, 1000 AD in the capital, Esztergom. The papacy confered on him the right to have the cross carried before him, with full administrative authority over bishoprics and churches. The son of Géza,^[19] he was a descendant of Árpád, founder of Hungary. By 1006, Stephen had solidified his power, eliminating all rivals who either wanted to follow pagan traditions or wanted an alliance with the Eastern Christian Byzantine Empire. He instituted sweeping reforms to convert Hungary into a western feudal state, complete with forced Christianisation.^[20] Stephen established a network of 10 episcopal and 2 archiepiscopal sees,and ordered the buildup of monasteries, churches, and cathedrals. Formerly, the Hungarian language was written in a runic-like script. The country switched to the Latin alphabet under Stephen. From 1000 to 1844, Latin was the official language of the country. He followed the Frankish administrative model: The whole of the land was divided into counties (megyék), each under a royal official called an ispán count (Latin: comes)—later főispán (Latin: supremus comes). This official represented the king’s authority, administered its population, and collected the taxes that formed the national revenue. Each ispán maintained at his fortified headquarters (castrum or vár) an armed force of freemen.

What emerged was a strong state^[21] that withstood attacks from German kings and Emperors, as well as nomadic tribes following the Hungarians from the East, integrating some of the latter into the population (along with Germans invited to Transylvania and the northern part of the kingdom, especially after the Battle of Mohi), and conquering Croatia in 1091.^[22]

Important members of the Árpád dynasty

Saint Ladislaus I (c. 1040 – 29 July 1095), King of Hungary (1077-1095). Before his ascension to the throne, he was the main advisor of his brother, Géza I of Hungary, who was fighting against their cousin, King Solomon of Hungary. When his brother died, his followers proclaimed Ladislaus king according to the Hungarian tradition that gave precedence to the eldest member of the royal family over the deceased king's sons. He made a successful claim to the throne of Croatia. After his canonisation, Ladislaus became the model of the chivalrous king in Hungary.

King Coloman, the "Book-lover" (King: 1095–1116): One of his most famous laws was half a millennium ahead of its time: De strigis vero quae non sunt, nulla amplius quaestio fiat (As for the matter of witches, no such things exist, therefore no further investigations or trials are to be held).

Béla III (King: 1172–1192): was the most powerful and wealthiest member of the dynasty, Béla disposed of annual equivalent of 23,000 kg of pure silver. It exceeded those of the French king (estimated at some 17,000 kilograms) and was double the receipts of the English Crown.^[23] He rolled back the Byzantine potency in Balkan region.

Andrew II of Hungary (King: 1205–1235): In 1211, he granted the Burzenland (Transylvania) to the Teutonic Knights. In 1225, Andrew II expelled the Teutonic Knights from Transylvania, hence the Teutonic Order had to transfer to the Baltic sea. In 1224, Andrew issued the Diploma Andreanum which unified and ensured the special privileges of the Transylvanian Saxons. It is considered the first Autonomy law in the world.^[24] He led the Fifth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1217. He set up the largest royal army in the history of crusades (20,000 knights and 12,000 castle-garrisons). The Golden Bull of 1222 was the first constitution in Continental Europe. It limited the king's power. Every Hungarian king thereafter had to swear to follow the Golden Bull, the Hungarian equivalent of England’s Magna Carta. Its purpose was twofold: to reaffirm the rights of the smaller nobles of the old and new classes of royal servants (servientes regis) against both the crown and the magnates and to defend those of the whole nation against the crown by restricting the powers of the latter in certain fields and legalizing refusal to obey its unlawful/unconstitutional commands (the "ius resistendi"). The lesser nobles also began to present Andrew with grievances, a practice that evolved into the institution of the parliament, or Diet. Hungary became the first country where the parliament had supremacy over the kingship. The most important legal-ideology was the Doctrine of the Holy Crown.

Mongol attacks

In 1241–1242, the kingdom suffered a Mongol Invasion: After the defeat of the Hungarian army in the Battle of Mohi,^[25] Béla IV of Hungary fled. Historians estimate that up to half of Hungary's population of two million was killed.^[26][27]. The dramatic loss of population led to inviting settlers, largely from Germany, to locate in devastationed regions, the "'Tatárjárás."

During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 Cumans, a nomadic tribe of pagan Kipchaks, west of the Carpathian Mountains. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection.^[28] The Iranian Jassic people came to the Hungary together with the Cumans after they were defeated by the Mongols. During the centuries they were assimilated by the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their identity and their regional autonomy until 1876.^[29]

Only strongly fortified cities and abbeys could withstand the assault. As a consequence, after the Mongols retreated, King Béla IV. ordered the construction of hundreds of stone castles and fortifications to defend against a possible second Mongol invasion. Mongols returned to Hungary in 1286, but the newly built castles and new tactics using a higher ratio of heavy knights stopped them. The invading Mongol force was defeated near Pest by the royal army of Ladislaus IV of Hungary. Castles proved to be very important later in the long struggle with the Ottoman Empire from the late 14th century onwards, but their cost indebted the King to the major feudal landlords, weakening the royal power reclaimed by Béla IV after his father Andrew II had diminished it by acceding to the Golden Bull of 1222.

Age of elected Kings

Árpád's direct descendants in the male line ruled the country until 1301. During the reign of the Árpád dynasty, the Kingdom of Hungary reached its greatest extent, yet royal power was weakened as the nobility greatly increased its influence. The most powerful nobility usurped royal prerogatives: coinage, customs, and declaration of war against foreign monarchs. After the destructive period of interregnum (1301–1308), the first Angevin king, Charles I of Hungary (King: 1308–1342) -a descendant of the Árpád dynasty on the female line- successfully restored the royal power, defeating oligarch rivals, the so called "little kings". His new fiscal, customs and monetary policies proved successful. One of the primary sources of his power was the wealth derived from the gold mines of east and northern Hungary. Eventually production reached the remarkable figure of 3,000 lb. of gold annually - one third of the total production of the world as then known, and five times as much as that of any other European state.^[30][31] Charles also sealed an alliance with the Polish king Casimir III.

The second Hungarian king in the Angevin line, Louis I the Great (King: 1342–1382) extended his rule over territories adjacent to the Adriatic Sea, and occupied the Kingdom of Naples several times. Under his reign lived the most famous epic hero of Hungarian literature and warfare, the king's Champion: Nicolas Toldi. Louis had become popular in Poland due to his campaign against the Tatars and pagan Lithuanians. Two successful wars (1357–1358, 1378–1381) against Venice resulted in the annexation of Dalmatia, Ragusa and other territories on the coast of the Adriatic. Venice was required to raise the Angevin flag on St. Mark's Square on holy days. Louis I established a university in Pécs in 1367 (by papal accordance). The Ottoman Turks confronted the country ever more often. In 1366 and 1377, Louis led successful campaigns against the Ottomans, engaging the Turks for the first time at Nicapoli in 1366. Serbia, Walachia, Moldavia, and Bulgaria were made vassal states. From 1370, the death of Casimir III of Poland, he was also king of Poland. Until his death, the political life of the Italian Peninsula remained within his sphere of influence.

King Louis died without a male successor, and the country was stabilized only after years of anarchy when Sigismund I (king: 1387–1437), a prince of the House of Luxembourg, succeeded to the throne by marrying Louis's daughter, Queen Mary. It was not for entirely selfless reasons that one of the leagues of barons helped him to power: Sigismund had to pay for the support of the lords by transferring a sizeable part of the royal properties. (For some years, the baron's council governed the country in the name of the Holy Crown, the king was impirsoned for a short time ) The restoration of the authority of the central administration took decades of work. In 1404 Sigismund introduced the Placetum Regium. According to this decree, Papal bulls and messages could not be pronounced in Hungary without the consent of the king. Sigismund congregated Council of Constance (1414–1418) to abolish the Papal Schism of Catholic church, which was solved by the election of a new pope. In 1433 he was elected Holy Roman Emperor. During his long reign the Royal castle of Buda became probably the largest Gothic palace of the late Middle Ages. The first Hungarian Bible translation was completed in 1439, but the Hungarian Bible was illegal in its age. Hungary was the first non-Italian country, where the renaissance appeared in Europe.^[32]

In 1446, the parliament elected the great general János Hunyadi governor (1446–1453), then regent (1453–1456). He was a successful crusader against the Ottoman Turks, one of his greatest victories being the Siege of Belgrade in 1456. Hunyadi defended the city against the onslaught of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. During the siege, Pope Callixtus III ordered the bells of every church to be rung every day at noon, as a call for believers to pray for the defenders of the city. However, in many countries (like England and Spanish kingdoms), news of the victory arrived before the order, and the ringing of the church bells at noon were transformed into a commemoration of the victory. The Popes didn't withdraw the order, and Catholic (and the older Protestant) churches still ring the noon bell in the Christian world to this day.

Age of early absolutism

The last strong king was the Renaissance king Matthias Corvinus (1458–1490). Matthias was the son of John Hunyadi. During his reign András Hess set up a printing press in Buda in 1472.

This was the first time in the medieval Hungarian kingdom that a member of the nobility, without dynastic ancestry and relationship, was elected. Matthias Corvinus was a true Renaissance prince, a successful military leader and administrator, an outstanding linguist, a learned astrologer, and an enlightened patron of the arts and learning.^[33] Although Matthias regularly convened the Diet and expanded the lesser nobles' powers in the counties, he exercised absolute rule over Hungary by means of huge secular bureaucracy. Matthias set out to build a great empire, expanding southward and northwest, while he also implemented internal reforms. The serfs, and other common people considered Matthias a just ruler because he protected them from excessive demands and other abuses by the magnates.^[34] Like his father, Matthias desired to strengthen the Kingdom of Hungary to the point where it became the foremost regional power, strong enough to push back the Ottomans; toward that end he deemed necessary the conquering of large parts of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1479, under the leadership of Pál Kinizsi, the Hungarian army destroyed the Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the Battle of Breadfield. The army of Hungary was extremely effective during the reign of Matthias. His mercenary standing army called the Black Army of Hungary (Hungarian: Fekete Sereg) was an unusually big army for its age, accomplishing a series of victories including capturing parts of Austria, Vienna (1485) and parts of Bohemia. The king died without a legal successor. His library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana, was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles, philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second only in size to the Vatican Library which mainly contained religious material. His renaissance library is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.^[35]

Decline (1490-1526)

By the early 16 th century, the Ottoman Empire became the second most populous state in the World, which opened the door to create the largest armies of the era.

The magnates, who did not want another heavy-handed king, procured the accession of Vladislaus II, king of Bohemia (Ulászló II in Hungarian), precisely because of his notorious weakness: he was known as King Dobže, or Dobzse (meaning “Good” or, loosely, “OK”), from his habit of accepting with that word every paper laid before him^[33]. Under his reign the central power began to experience severe financial difficulties, largely due to the enlargement of feudal lands at his expense. The magnates also dismantled administration and institute systems of the country. The country's defenses sagged as border guards went unpaid, fortresses fell into disrepair, and initiatives to increase taxes to reinforce defenses were stifled.^[36]

In 1514, the weakened King Vladislaus II faced a major peasant rebellion led by György Dózsa, which was ruthlessly crushed by the nobles, led by János Szapolyai. The resulting degradation of order paved the way for Ottoman preeminence. In 1521, the strongest Hungarian fortress in the South, Nándorfehérvár (modern Belgrade) fell to the Turks, and in 1526, the Hungarian army was crushed at the Battle of Mohács. The leader of the Hungarian army, Pál Tomori also died in the battle. The early appearance of protestantism further worsened the relations in the anarchical country.

Through the centuries the Kingdom of Hungary kept its old "constitution", which granted special "freedoms" or rights to the nobility and groups like the Saxons or the Jassic people, and to free royal towns such as Buda, Kassa (Košice), Pozsony (Bratislava), Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca).

See also

v • d • e Hungary topics History Prehistory · Pannonia · Middle ages · Ottoman Hungary · 1700-1919 · World War I · Between the World Wars · World War II · The People's Republic · 2006 protests Law Constitution · Law enforcement · Nationality law Politics National Assembly · Prime Minister · Foreign relations · Elections · Political parties Geography Cities · Extreme points  · Rivers Economy Hungarian forint · Hungarian National Bank · Companies · Tourism · Transport · Communications Military History · Ground Forces Ranks · Air Force Demographics Education · Languages · Hungarians (list) Culture Art · Cinema · Comics · Cuisine · Literature · Media · Music · Public holidays · Television Portal

Footnotes

References

External links and further reading

• "In Budapest, a Snapshot of a World Now at Risk" article by Marcus Mabry in The New York Times April 25, 2009
• Official site of the National Assembly
• Chief of State and Cabinet Members
• Hungary entry at The World Factbook
• Hungary at UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Hungary at the Open Directory Project
• Wikimedia Atlas of Hungary
• Hungary travel guide
• magyarorszag.hu
• History of Hungary: Primary Documents
• History of Hungary from The Corvinus Library
• In The Land of Hagar: The Jews of Hungary a virtual exhibition
• Translation of Hungarian literary works database
• Agricultural land use profile

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