James I of England

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For criticism see Criticism of James_I_of_England
James VI and I
King of England, Scotland and Ireland

James I of England from the period 1603–1613, by Paul van Somer I (1576–1621)
James I of England from the period 1603–1613, by Paul van Somer I (1576–1621)
King of Scots
Reign 24 July 1567 – 27 March 1625
Coronation 29 July 1567
Predecessor Mary I
Regent James Stewart, Earl of Moray
Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox
John Erskine, Earl of Mar
James Douglas, Earl of Morton
Successor Charles I
King of England
Reign 24 March 1603 – 27 March 1625
Coronation 25 July 1603
Predecessor Elizabeth I
Successor Charles I
Spouse Anne of Denmark
Issue
Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales
Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
Charles I of England
Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre
Father Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
Mother Mary I of Scotland

James VI & I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scots as James VI, and King of England and Ireland as James I.

He became king in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, when he was only one year old, succeeding his mother Mary, Queen of Scots. Regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1581.[1] On 24 March 1603, as James I, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without issue.[2] He then ruled England, Scotland and Ireland for 22 years, often using the title King of Great Britain, until his death at the age of 58.[3]

Under James, the "Golden Age" of Elizabethan literature and drama continued, with writers such as William Shakespeare, John Donne, Ben Jonson, and Sir Francis Bacon contributing to a flourishing literary culture.[4] James himself was a talented scholar, the author of works such as Daemonologie (1597)[5], True Law of Free Monarchies (1598)[6], and Basilikon Doron (1599).[7] Sir Anthony Weldon claimed that James had been termed "the wisest fool in Christendom", an epithet associated with his character ever since.[8]

Contents

Childhood

Birth

James Charles "Little" Stuart was the only child of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband, Henry Stuart, Duke of Albany, commonly known as Lord Darnley. He was a descendant of Henry VII through his great-grandmother Margaret Tudor, elder sister of Henry VIII.[9] Mary's rule over Scotland was insecure, for both she and her husband, being Roman Catholics, faced a rebellion by the Protestant population. Lord Darnley secretly allied himself with the rebels and murdered the Queen's private secretary, David Rizzio.[10]

1568 painting by Lieven de Vogeleer depicting a two-year-old James praying for vengeance for the murder of his father, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley

James was born on 19 June 1566 at Edinburgh Castle, and as the eldest son of the monarch and heir-apparent, automatically became Duke of Rothesay and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland. Elizabeth I of England, as godmother in absentia, sent a magnificent gold font as a christening gift.[11]

James's father Henry was murdered on 10 February 1567 at the Hamiltons' house, Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh, perhaps in revenge for Rizzio's death. Mary was already an unpopular queen, and her marriage on 15 May 1567 to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, who was widely suspected of murdering Henry, heightened widespread bad feeling towards her.[12] In June 1567, Protestant rebels arrested Mary and imprisoned her in Loch Leven Castle; she never saw her son again. She was forced to abdicate on 24 July in favour of the infant James and to appoint her illegitimate half-brother, James Stewart, Earl of Moray, as regent.[13]

Regencies

The care of James was entrusted to the Earl and Countess of Mar, "to be conserved, nursed, and upbrought"[14] in the security of Stirling Castle.[15] The boy was formally crowned at the age of thirteen months as King James VI of Scotland at the Church of the Holy Rude, Stirling, on 29 July 1567.[11] The sermon was preached by the Calvinist John Knox. And, in accordance with the religious beliefs of most of the Scottish ruling class, James was brought up as a member of the Protestant national Church of Scotland, his education supervised by historian and poet George Buchanan, who subjected him to regular beatings but also instilled in him a lifelong passion for literature and learning.[16]

In 1568 Mary escaped from prison, leading to a brief period of violence. The Earl of Moray defeated Mary's troops at the Battle of Langside, forcing her to flee to England, where she was subsequently imprisoned by Elizabeth. On 22 January 1570, Moray was assassinated by James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, to be succeeded as regent by James's paternal grandfather, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, who a year later was carried fatally wounded into Stirling Castle after a raid by Mary's supporters.[17] The next regent, John Erskine, 1st Earl of Mar, died soon after banqueting at the estate of James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, where he "took a vehement sickness", dying on 28 October 1572 at Stirling. Morton, who now took Mar's office, proved in many ways the most effective of James's regents,[18] but he made enemies by his rapacity.[19] He fell from favour when the Frenchman Esmé Stewart, Sieur d'Aubigny, first cousin of James's father Lord Darnley, and future Earl of Lennox, arrived in Scotland and quickly established himself as the first of James's powerful male favourites.[20] Morton was executed on 2 June 1581, belatedly charged with complicity in Lord Darnley's murder.[21] On 8 August, James made Lennox the only duke in Scotland.[22] Then fifteen years old, the king was to remain under the influence of Lennox for about one more year.[23]

Personal rule in Scotland

File:James VI of Scotland aged 20, 1586..jpg
James in 1586, age 20

Although a Protestant convert, Lennox was distrusted by Scottish Calvinists, who noticed the physical displays of affection between favourite and king and alleged that Lennox "went about to draw the King to carnal lust".[19] In August 1582, in what became known as the Ruthven Raid, the Protestant earls of Gowrie and Angus lured James into Ruthven Castle, imprisoned him,[24] and forced Lennox to leave Scotland. After James was freed in June 1583, he assumed increasing control of his kingdom. He pushed through the Black Acts to assert royal authority over the Kirk and between 1584 and 1603 established effective royal government and relative peace among the lords, ably assisted by John Maitland of Thirlestane, who led the government until 1592.[25] One last Scottish attempt against the king's person occurred in August 1600, when James was apparently assaulted by Alexander Ruthven, the Earl of Gowrie's younger brother, at Gowrie House, the seat of the Ruthvens.[26] Since Ruthven was run through by James's page John Ramsay and the Earl of Gowrie was himself killed in the ensuing fracas, James's account of the circumstances, given the lack of witnesses and his history with the Ruthvens, was not universally believed.[27]

In 1586, James signed the Treaty of Berwick with England. That and the execution of his mother in 1587, which he denounced as a "preposterous and strange procedure", helped clear the way for his succession south of the border.[28] During the Spanish Armada crisis of 1588, he assured Elizabeth of his support as "your natural son and compatriot of your country",[29] and as time passed and Elizabeth remained unmarried, securing the English succession became a cornerstone of James's policy.

Marriage

Main article: Anne of Denmark
File:Anne of Denmark-1605.jpg
Anne of Denmark, by John de Critz, c. 1605.

Throughout his youth, James was praised for his chastity, since he showed little interest in women; after the loss of Lennox, he continued to prefer male company.[30] A suitable marriage, however, was necessary to reinforce his monarchy, and the choice fell on the fourteen-year-old Anne of Denmark (born December 1574), younger daughter of the Protestant Frederick II. Shortly after a proxy marriage in August 1589, Anne sailed for Scotland but was forced by storms to the coast of Norway. On hearing the crossing had been abandoned, James, in what Willson calls "the one romantic episode of his life",[31] sailed from Leith with a three-hundred-strong retinue to fetch Anne personally.[32] The couple were married formally at the Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo on 23 November and, after stays at Elsinore and Copenhagen, returned to Scotland in May 1590. By all accounts, James was at first infatuated with Anne, and in the early years of their marriage seems always to have showed her patience and affection.[33] But between 1593 and 1595, James was romantically linked with Anne Murray, later Lady Glamis, whom he addressed in verse as "my mistress and my love". The royal couple produced three surviving children: Henry, Prince of Wales, who was to die, probably of typhoid, in 1612, aged 18; Elizabeth, later Queen of Bohemia; and Charles, the future King Charles I of England. Anne died before her husband in March 1619.

Theory of monarchy

In 1597–1598, James wrote two works, The Trew Law of Free Monarchies and Basilikon Doron (Royal Gift), in which he established an ideological base for monarchy. In the Trew Law, he sets out the divine right of kings, explaining that for Biblical reasons kings are higher beings than other men, though "the highest bench is the sliddriest to sit upon".[34] The document proposes an absolutist theory of monarchy, by which a king may impose new laws by royal prerogative but must also pay heed to tradition and to God, who would "stirre up such scourges as pleaseth him, for punishment of wicked kings".[35] Basilikon Doron, written as a book of instruction for the four-year-old Prince Henry, provides a more practical guide to kingship.[36] Despite banalities and sanctimonious advice,[37] the work is well-written, perhaps the best example of James's prose.[38] James's advice concerning parliaments, which he understood as merely the king's "head court", foreshadows his difficulties with the English Commons: "Hold no Parliaments," he tells Henry, "but for the necesitie of new Lawes, which would be but seldome".[39] In the Trew Law James states that the king owns his realm as a feudal lord owns his fief, because:

"[Kings arose] before any estates or ranks of men, before any parliaments were holden, or laws made, and by them was the land distributed, which at first was wholly theirs. And so it follows of necessity that kings were the authors and makers of the laws, and not the laws of the kings."[40]

English throne

Proclaimed King of England

Main article: Union of the Crowns

Template:House of Stuart From 1601, in the last years of Elizabeth I's life, certain English politicians, notably her chief minister Sir Robert Cecil,[41] maintained a secret correspondence with James in order to prepare in advance for a smooth succession. In March 1603, with the Queen clearly dying, Cecil sent James a draft proclamation of his accession to the English throne. Elizabeth died in the early hours of 24 March, and James was proclaimed king in London later the same day.[42] As James headed south, his new subjects flocked to see him, relieved that the succession had triggered neither unrest nor invasion.[43] When he entered London, he was mobbed.[44] James's English coronation took place on 25 July, with elaborate allegories provided by dramatic poets such as Thomas Dekker and Ben Jonson, though an outbreak of the plague restricted festivities.[45]

Continued at James I of England, part 2

Titles, styles, honours and arms

File:James I & VI Scottish Arms 1603.PNG
Scottish quarterings of the Royal arms of James VI & I, post 1603

Titles and styles

  • 19 June 1566 – 24 July 1567: Prince James
  • 19 June 1566 – 24 July 1567: The Duke of Rothesay (Earl of Carrick, Lord Renfrew)
  • 10 February – 24 July 1567: The Duke of Albany (Earl of Ross, Lord Ardmannoch)
  • 24 July 1567 – 27 March 1625: His Grace James VI, King of Scots
  • 24 March 1603 – 27 March 1625: His Majesty King James I of England

As King of England and Scots, James's full style was His Majesty, James VI, by the Grace of God King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc.

Prior to his ascension in Scotland, his full style was Prince James Stuart, Duke of Rothesay, Duke of Albany, Earl of Carrick, Earl of Ross, Lord Renfrew, Lord Ardmannoch, Lord of the Isles, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland Template:Infobox British Royalty styles

Children

Further information: Descendants of James I of England

James's wife, Anne of Denmark, gave birth to seven children who survived beyond birth:[46]

  1. Henry, Prince of Wales (19 February 1594 – 6 November 1612). Died, probably of typhoid fever, aged 18.[47]
  2. Elizabeth of Bohemia (19 August 1596 – 13 February 1662). Married 1613, Frederick V, Elector Palatine. Died aged 65.
  3. Margaret Stuart (24 December 1598 – March 1600). Died aged 1.
  4. Charles I of England (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649). Married 1625, Henrietta Maria. Executed aged 48.
  5. Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre (18 January 1602 – 27 May 1602). Died aged 4 months.[48]
  6. Mary Stuart (8 April 1605 – 16 December 1607). Died aged 2.
  7. Sophia Stuart. (Died in June 1607 within 48 hours of birth.)[49]
Anne of Denmark mourning the death of her son Henry in 1612.jpg

wife: Anne of Denmark

PrinceHenry.jpg

son: Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales

Charels I by Daniel Mytens in 1631.jpg

son: Charles I of England

Gerard van Honthorst 007.jpeg

daughter: Elizabeth of Bohemia

Ancestry

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Stewart, p 47; Croft, p 16; Willson, pp 29–31.
  2. ^ James's claim to the English throne, as the great great grandson of Henry VII, was far superior to any other. However, Henry VIII's will had passed over the Scottish line of his sister Margaret in favour of that of their younger sister Mary Tudor. In the event, Henry's will was disregarded. Stewart, pp 159–161; Willson, pp 138–141.
  3. ^ After the personal union of the three crowns, James was the first to style himself "King of Great Britain", but the title was rejected by the English Parliament and had no basis in law. The Parliament of Scotland also opposed it. Croft, p 67; Willson, pp 249–52. See also: the early history of the Union Flag.
  4. ^ Milling, p 155.
  5. ^ James I, king of England (1597). "Daemonologie, in forme of a dialogue". at Folger Shakespeare Library web site.. http://www.folger.edu/eduPrimSrcDtl.cfm?psid=83. Retrieved on 2007-05-12. 
  6. ^ text
  7. ^ "James VI and I was the most writerly of British monarchs. He produced original poetry, as well as translation and a treatise on poetics; works on witchcraft and tobacco; meditations and commentaries on the Scriptures; a manual on kingship; works of political theory; and, of course, speeches to parliament...He was the patron of Shakespeare, Jonson, Donne, and the translators of the "Authorized version" of the Bible, surely the greatest concentration of literary talent ever to enjoy royal sponsorship in England." Rhodes et al, p 1.
  8. ^ "A very wise man was wont to say that he believed him the wisest fool in Christendom, meaning him wise in small things, but a fool in weighty affairs." Sir Anthony Weldon (1651), The Court and Character of King James I, quoted by Stroud, p 27; "The label 'the wisest fool in Christendom', often attributed to Henri IV of France but possibly coined by Anthony Weldon, catches James’s paradoxical qualities very neatly." Smith, p 238.
  9. ^ Margaret Tudor was the mother of Margaret Douglas, the future countess of Lennox and mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. She was also the grandmother of Mary, Queen of Scots, through her son James V. Guy, p 54.
  10. ^ Guy, pp 248–50.
  11. ^ a b Croft, p 11.
  12. ^ Elizabeth I of England wrote to Mary: “My ears have been so astounded, my mind so disturbed and my heart so appalled at hearing the horrible report of the abominable murder of your late husband and my slaughtered cousin, that I can scarcely as yet summon the spirit to write about it… I will not conceal from you that people for the most part are saying that you will look through your fingers at this deed instead of avenging it and that you don't care to take action against those who have done you this pleasure.” Historian John Guy nonetheless concludes: “Not a single piece of uncontaminated evidence has ever been found to show that Mary had foreknowledge of Darnley's murder.” Guy, pp 312–313. In historian David Harris Willson's view, however: “That Bothwell was the murderer no one can doubt; and that Mary was his accomplice seems equally certain.” Willson, p 18.
  13. ^ Guy, pp 364–5.
  14. ^ Letter of Mary to Mar, 29 March 1567. "Suffer nor admit no noblemen of our realm or any others, of what condition soever they be of, to enter or come within our said Castle or to the presence of our said dearest son, with any more persons but two or three at the most." Quoted by Stewart, p 27.
  15. ^ Willson, p 18; Stewart, p 33.
  16. ^ Croft, pp 12–13.
  17. ^ Croft, p 13.
  18. ^ Stewart, p 45; Willson, pp 28–29.
  19. ^ a b Croft, p 15.
  20. ^ Stewart, pp 51–63.
  21. ^ David Calderwood wrote of Morton's death: "So ended this nobleman, one of the chief instruments of the reformation; a defender of the same, and of the King in his minority, for the which he is now unthankfully dealt with." Quoted by Stewart, p 63.
  22. ^ Stewart, p 63.
  23. ^ Willson, p 35.
  24. ^ James's captors forced from him a proclamation, dated 30 August, declaring that he was not being held prisoner "forced or constrained, for fear or terror, or against his will", and that no one should come to his aid as a result of "seditious or contrary reports". Stewart, p 66.
  25. ^ Croft, p 17, p 20.
  26. ^ Stewart, pp 150–157.
  27. ^ "The two principal characters were dead, the evidence of eyewitnesses was destroyed and only King James version remained". Williams, 61; George Nicolson reported: "It is begun to be noted that the reports coming from the King should differ". Stewart, p 154. Pauline Croft calls the Gowrie plot "the most obscure of all Scottish noble conspiracies". Croft, p 45.
  28. ^ James briefly broke off diplomatic relations with England over Mary's execution, but he wrote privately that Scotland "could never have been without factions if she had beene left alive". Croft, p 22.
  29. ^ Croft, p 23.
  30. ^ Croft, pp 23–24.
  31. ^ Willson, p 85.
  32. ^ James heard on 7 October of the decision to postpone the crossing for winter. Stewart, pp 107–110.
  33. ^ Willson, pp 85–95.
  34. ^ "Kings are called gods by the prophetical King David because they sit upon God His throne in earth and have the count of their administration to give unto Him." Quoted by Willson, p 131.
  35. ^ Croft, pp 131–133.
  36. ^ Willson, p 133.
  37. ^ A king, James advised, should not look like "a deboshed waster" (Croft, p135) and should avoid the company of women, "which are no other thing else but irritamenta libidinis" (Willson, p 135).
  38. ^ "The Basilikon Doron is the best prose James ever wrote." Willson, p 132; "James wrote well, scattering engaging asides throughout the text." Croft, pp 134–5.
  39. ^ Croft, p 133.
  40. ^ Quoted by Willson, p 132.
  41. ^ James described Cecil as "king there in effect". Croft, p 48.
  42. ^ Croft, p 49; Willson, p 158.
  43. ^ Croft, p 50.
  44. ^ Stewart, p 169.
  45. ^ Stewart, p 172.
  46. ^ Stewart, p 140, p 142.
  47. ^ John Chamberlain (1553–1628) recorded: "It was verily thought that the disease was no other than the ordinary ague that had reigned and raged all over England". Alan Stewart writes: "Latter day experts have suggested enteric fever, typhoid fever, or porphyria, but at the time poison was the most popular explanation." Stewart, p 248.
  48. ^ Willson, p 452; Barroll, Anna of Denmark, p 27.
  49. ^ Croft, p 55; Stewart, p 142; Sophia was buried at King Henry's Chapel in a tiny tomb shaped like a cradle. Willson, p 456.

References

  • Atherton, Ian; and David Como (2005). The Burning of Edward Wightman: Puritanism, Prelacy and the Politics of Heresy in Early Modern England. English Historical Review, Volume 120, December 2005, Number 489, 1215–1250. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Barroll, J. Leeds (2001). Anna of Denmark, Queen of England: A Cultural Biography. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. ISBN 0812235746.
  • Barroll, J. Leeds and Susan P. Cerasano (1996). Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England: An Annual Gathering of Research, Criticism and Reviews. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0838636411.
  • Bucholz, Robert and Newton Key (2004). Early Modern England, 1485–1714: A Narrative History. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0631213937.
  • Croft, Pauline (2003). King James. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-61395-3.
  • Davies, Godfrey ([1937] 1959). The Early Stuarts. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198217048.
  • Guy, John (2004). My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots. London and New York: Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-84115-752-X.
  • Krugler, John D. (2004). English and Catholic: the Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801879639.
  • Lindley, David (1993). The Trials of Frances Howard: Fact and Fiction at the Court of King James. Routledge. ISBN 0415052068.
  • Milling, Jane (2004). "The Development of a Professional Theatre", in The Cambridge History of British Theatre. Jane Milling, Peter Thomson, Joseph W. Donohue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521650402.
  • Noble, Mark (1795). An Historical Genealogy of the Royal House of Stuarts, from the Reign of King Robert II to that of King James VI. London: R. Faulder. Read complete digitized copy at Google Books. Retrieved 19 April 2007.
  • Perry, Curtis (2006). Literature and Favoritism in Early Modern England. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521854059.
  • Rhodes, Neil; Jennifer Richards; and Joseph Marshall (2003). King James VI and I: Selected Writings. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0754604829.
  • Sharpe, Kevin M. (2000). Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-century England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521664098.
  • Smith, David L (2003). "Politics in Early Stuart Britain," in A Companion to Stuart Britain. Ed. Barry Coward. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631218742.
  • Solt, Leo Frank (1990). Church and State in Early Modern England: 1509–1640. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195059794.
  • Stewart, Alan (2003). The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & I. London: Chatto and Windus. ISBN 0-7011-6984-2.
  • Stroud, Angus (1999). Stuart England. Routledge ISBN 0415206529.
  • Watts, Michael R (1985). The Dissenters: From the Reformation to the French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198229569.
  • Williams, Ethel Carleton (1970). Anne of Denmark. London: Longman. ISBN 0 582 12783 1.
  • Willson, David Harris ([1956] 1963 ed). King James VI & I. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd. ISBN 0-224-60572-0.

Further reading

  • Akrigg, G. P. V (1978). Jacobean Pageant: The Court of King James I. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-70003-2.
  • Chambers, Robert (1856). "James VI", Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen. London: Blackie and Son. 
  • Fraser, Antonia (1974). King James VI of Scotland, I of England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-76775-5. 
  • Houston, S J. James I. Longman Publishing Group (June 1974), Seminar Studies ISBN 0582352088.
  • Lee, Maurice (1990). Great Britain's Solomon: James VI and I in his Three Kingdoms. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01686-6. 
  • Lockyer, Roger (1998). James VI and I. Longman. 2nd edition.
  • Lockyer, Roger (1999). The Early Stuarts: The Political History of England 1603-1642. Longman.
  • Lynch, Michael (historian) (1991). Scotland: A New History. Ebury Press. ISBN 0712634134.
  • "Preaching to the Converted? Perspectives on the Scottish Reformation," in The Renaissance in Scotland: Studies in Literature, Religion, History and Culture. - AA MacDonald, M. Lynch and IB Cowan (Leiden, 1994)
  • Peck, Linda Levy (1982). Northampton: Patronage and Policy at the Court of James I. Harper Collins. ISBN 0049421778.
  • Williamson, David (1998). The National Portrait Gallery History of the Kings and Queens of England. London: National Portrait Gallery. ISBN 1-85514-228-7. 

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James VI of Scotland & I of England
Born: 19 June 1566 Died: 27 March 1625
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Mary I 		King of Scotland
29 July 1567 – 27 March 1625 		Succeeded by
Charles I
Preceded by
Elizabeth I 		King of England
King of Ireland
24 March 1603 – 27 March 1625
Scottish royalty
Preceded by
James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran 		Heir to the Scottish throne
as heir apparent
19 June 1566 – 29 July 1567 		Succeeded by
James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran
English royalty
Preceded by
No designated heir under
Elizabeth I of England.
Potential heir was Mary I of Scotland 		Potential Heir to the English and Irish Thrones
by cognatic primogeniture
24 February 1587 – 24 March 1603 		Succeeded by
Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales
Peerage of Scotland
Vacant
Title last held by
James Stewart 		Duke of Rothesay
19 June 1566 – 29 July 1567 		Vacant
Title next held by
Henry Stuart
Preceded by
Lord Darnley 		Duke of Albany
4th creation
19 June 1566 – 29 July 1567 		Merged in the Crown
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Template:English Monarchs Template:Pictish and Scottish Monarchs Template:Dukes of Albany Template:Dukes of Rothesay

Persondata
NAME James I of England
ALTERNATIVE NAMES James VI of Scotland; James I of Ireland
SHORT DESCRIPTION King of Scotland, England, and Ireland
DATE OF BIRTH 19 June 1566
PLACE OF BIRTH Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland
DATE OF DEATH 27 March 1625
PLACE OF DEATH Theobalds House, near Cheshunt, Hertfordshire
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