Theobromine
From Wikinfo
| File:Theobromine.png | |
| Theobromine
| |
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | C03 R03 |
| PubChem | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C7H8N4O2 |
| Mol. mass | 180.166 |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ? |
| Metabolism | ? |
| Half life | ? |
| Excretion | ? |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. |
? |
| Legal status |
Uncontrolled substance |
| Routes | ? |
Theobromine is a bitter alkaloid of the methylxanthine family, which also includes the similar compounds theophylline and caffeine. Despite its name, the compound contains no bromine � theobromine is derived from Theobroma, the genus of the cacao tree, which is composed of the Greek roots theo ("God") and broma ("food"), meaning "food of the gods", with the suffix -ine given to alkaloids and other basic nitrogen-containing compounds.
Contents |
Natural sources and effects in other animals
Theobromine is the primary alkaloid found in cocoa and chocolate, and is one of the causes of chocolate's mood-elevating effects. Theobromine is found in much larger quantities in dark chocolate (10 g/kg) as opposed to milk chocolate (1-5 g/kg). The amount found in chocolate is small enough that chocolate can be safely consumed by humans in large quantities, but animals that metabolize theobromine more slowly, such as cats and dogs, can easily consume enough chocolate to cause theobromine poisoning.
Effects on humans
Theobromine is a stimulant frequently confused with caffeine. Theobromine has very different effects on the human body from caffeine; it is a mild, lasting stimulant with a mood improving effect, whereas caffeine has a strong, immediate effect and increases awareness.
In medicine, it is used as a diuretic, vasodilator, and myocardial stimulant. There is a possible association between theobromine and an increased risk of suffering from prostate cancer.[1]
Additional uses
Scientists have recently discovered that theobromine has an antitussive effect superior to codeine by suppressing vagus nerve activity.[2]
Theobromine is known to induce gene mutations in lower eukaryotes and bacteria. At the time of a 1997 report by the IARC, mutations had not been found in higher eukaryotes, such as humans.[3] Theobromine is used as an experimental teratogen in mice and rabbits.[4]
Theobromine is a contributing factor in acid reflux because it relaxes the esophageal sphincter muscle, allowing stomach acid access to the esophagus.
Other names
Other names include Riddospas, Riddovydrin, Santheose, Seominal, Theobrominum, Theoguardenal, Theominal and Th�oxalvose.
Footnotes
- ^ Slattery M, West D (1993). "Smoking, alcohol, coffee, tea, caffeine, and theobromine: risk of prostate cancer in Utah (United States).". Cancer Causes Control 4 (6): 559-63. PMID 8280834.
- ^ Usmani O, Belvisi M, Patel H, Crispino N, Birrell M, Korbonits M, Korbonits D, Barnes P (2005). "Theobromine inhibits sensory nerve activation and cough.". FASEB J 19 (2): 231-3. PMID 15548587.
- ^ International Agency for Research on Cancer (November 17, 1991). "Volume 51: Coffee, Tea, Mate, Methylxanthines and Methylglyoxal - Theobromine" (PDF). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. WHO. Archived from the original.. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol51/volume51.pdf. Retrieved on 2006-09-19.
- ^ Rambali B, Andel I van, Schenk E, Wolterink G, Werken G van de, Stevenson H, Vleeming W (2002). "[The contribution of cocoa additive to cigarette smoking addiction]" (PDF). RIVM (report 650270002/2002). - The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Netherlands)
External links
- Computational Chemistry Wiki[[fr:Th�obromine]][[sk:Teobrom�n]]
References
- Adapted from the Wikipedia article, "Theobromine" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobromine, used under the GNU Free Documentation License
