Timeline of Ancient Rome

From Wikinfo

This is a Timeline of events concerning Ancient Rome, from the city foundation until the last attempt of the Roman Empire of the East to conquer Rome.

Note: After the 3rd century AD, the timeline is very incomplete � you can help Wikipedia by adding dates to it.

Contents 1 8th century BC 2 7th century BC 3 6th century BC 4 5th century BC 5 4th century BC 6 3rd century BC 7 2nd century BC 8 1st century BC 9 1st century 10 2nd century 11 3rd century 12 4th century 13 5th century 14 6th century 14.1 References

8th century BC

• 753 BC � Traditional date for the founding of Rome by Romulus; Rome as a kingdom
• 753/715 BC � reign of Romulus
• 715/673 BC � reign of Numa Pompilius: creation of the Roman senate and the priestly offices

7th century BC

• 673/642 BC � reign of Tullus Hostilius: building of the Curia Hostilia � the senate-house
• 642/617 BC � reign of Ancus Marcius
• 617/578 BC � reign of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus: building of the Circus Maximus, Rome gets the first system of sewers; first census

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6th century BC

• 578/534 BC � reign of Servius Tullius: defined the sacred boundary of Rome - the pomerium
• 534/509 BC � reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last Roman king: builds temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
• 509 BC � Roman Republic begins: expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus: first consuls are Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus
• 508 BC � The office of pontifex maximus (high priest) is created

5th century BC

• 496 BC � Rome defeats the Latin League at the battle of Lake Regillus
• 494 BC � Two tribunes of the plebs and two plebeian aediles are elected for the first time
• 459 BC � The college of the tribune of the Plebs is raised from two to ten tribunes
• 451 BC � The Decemviri publishes the Twelve Tables of Roman law
• 447 BC � Assembly of the People created: two quaestors elected for the first time
• 445 BC �
  • The office of consul is replaced by an assembly of military tribune with consular powers
  • Marriage between patricians and plebeians allowed
• 443 BC � Censors elected for the first time
• 421 BC � Number of quaestors raised from 2 to 4; office opened to plebeians

4th century BC

• 396 BC �
  • Rome conquers the Etruscans
  • Roman soldiers earn their first salary
• 390 BC � The Gauls defeat the Roman army at the battle of the Allia; sack of Rome by the Gauls
• 375/371 BC � Anarchy years: no magistrates elected
• 367 BC � The consulship restored in its original form
• 366 BC �
  • Elected the first non-patrician consul: Lucius Sextius Sextinus
  • Office of Praetor urbanus created
• 351 BC � Elected the first non-patrician censor
• 343/341 BC � First Samnite war
• 342 BC - Lex Genucia: no man can hold the same office before 10 years have elapsed from the first election
• 338 BC � Latin League dissolved after yet another rebellion
• 326/304 BC � Second Samnite war
• 300 BC - Lex Ogulnia: priesthoods opened to plebeians

3rd century BC

• 298/290 BC � Third Samnite war
• 283 BC � Rome defeats the Etruscans and the Boii (a Gallic tribe) in the Battle of Lake Vadimo
• 280/275 BC � War against Pyrrhus, king of Epirus (modern Greece)
• 267 BC � Number of quaestors raised from 4 to 6
• 264/241 BC � First Punic War against Carthage
• 242 BC - Office of Praetor peregrinus created
• 241 BC � Following the defeat of Carthage, Sardinia and Corsica becomes the first Roman province
• 227 BC � Number of quaestors raised from 6 to 8; number of praetors raised from 2 to 4
• 224 BC � Rome defeats invading Gallic army at the Battle of Telamon
• 223 BC � Rome defeats Gauls in Cisalpine Gaul
• 218/201 BC � Second Punic War against Carthage
• 216 BC � Hannibal inflicts a disaster for Rome at the Battle of Cannae
• 214/205 BC � First Macedonian War, Romans defeated
• 213/211 BC � Siege of Syracuse, Rome captures the city
• 204/202 BC � Scipio Africanus Major invades Africa, Hannibal recalled and defeated in the Battle of Zama in 202 BC
• 202/196 BC � Second Macedonian War, Roman victory

2nd century BC

• 197 BC �
  • Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Tarraconensis become Roman provinces
  • Number of quaestors raised from 8 to 12; number of praetors raised from 4 to 6
• 192/189 BC � Syrian war against the Seleucid dynasty
• 180 BC � Lex Villia annalis: established minimum ages for the cursus honorum offices; determined an interval of two years between offices
• 172/167 BC � Third Macedonian War, Roman victory
• 154/138 BC � War against the Lusitanians
• 149/146 BC � Third Punic War against Carthage
• 149/148 BC � Fourth Macedonian War
• 149 BC � A permanent extortion court is established by Lex Calpurnia
• 146 BC � Scipio Aemilianus Africanus (Scipio Africanus the Younger) puts an end in the Punic and Macedonian threat by destroying the cities of Carthage and Corinth; Macedonia and Africa are annexed as provinces
• 133 BC � The tribune Tiberius Gracchus is murdered after approving an agrarian reform
• 121 BC �
  • Rome acquires the province of Transalpine Gaul (south of modern France) and a safe land route to Hispania
  • The Senate approves the first Senatus consultum de re publica defenda to deal with the threat of violence started by tribune Gaius Gracchus
• 112/106 BC � Jugurthine War against king Jughurta of Numidia, eventually defeated and captured by Marius
• 105 BC � The invading tribe of the Cimbri inflict a major defeat on the Roman army in the battle of Arausio
• 104/100 BC - Gaius Marius elected consul for five years in a row
• 102 BC - Romans under Marius defeat Teutons in the Battle of Aquae Sextae
• 101 BC - Romans under Marius and Quintus Lutatius Catulus defeat the Cimbri in the Battle of Vercellae

1st century BC

• 91/88 BC � Social wars, the last rebellion of the Italian nations against Rome
• 88 BC � Sulla crosses the pomerium with his legions and invades Rome
• 88/85 BC � First Mithridatic War against Mithridates VI of Pontus
• 83/82 BC � First Roman civil war, between Sulla and the popular faction; Sulla wins and becomes dictator; censor office abolished (to be recreated in 70 BC)
• 83/82 BC � Second Mithridatic War; Sulla returns to Rome and is nominated dictator
• 82/72 BC � Sertorius, the last Marian general continues the civil war in Hispania
• 74/66 BC � Third Mithridatic War, eventually won by Pompey
• 67 BC � Pompey clears the Mediterranean of pirates
• 63 BC �
  • Fall of Jerusalem
  • consulship of Cicero; Catiline conspiracies
• 59/54 BC � First triumvirate, an alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey and Crassus
• 58/50 BC � Caesar fights the Gallic wars, acquiring the province of Gallia Comata
• 54/53 BC � First campaign against the Parthian Empire; Crassus utterly defeated and killed
• 49 BC � Caesar crosses the Rubicon (alea iacta est) and begins the Second Roman civil war against the Optimates, the conservative faction of the senate, led by Pompey
• 48/45 BC � Caesar pursues and defeats the Optimates in Greece and Africa
• 44 BC � Caesar is assassinated in the Ides of March
• 44/42 BC � Third Roman civil war, between the assassins of Caesar (led by Cassius and Brutus) and Caesar's heirs, Octavian and Mark Antony
• 43 BC � Octavian, Antony and Lepidus form the second triumvirate
• 36 BC � Antony' Parthian campaign ends in failure
• 32 BC � End of peaceful relations between Octavian and Antony
• 31 BC � In the battle of Actium, Octavian decisively defeats Antony and Cleopatra
• 30 BC � Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide; Egypt becomes a Roman province
• 27 BC � End of the Republic, begin of the Roman Empire: Octavian is now called Augustus Caesar and becomes the sole ruler of Rome
• 28/24 BC � Augustus' campaigns against the Cantabrians in Hispania Tarraconensis
• 16/15 BC � Augustus' campaigns against the Alpine tribes
• 12/7 BC � Tiberius and Drusus conquer Pannonia and campaign against the Germanic tribes

1st century

• 5 � Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior
• 6 � Judaea becomes a Roman province
• 6/9 � Rebellions in Pannonia and Dalmatia suppressed by Germanicus
• 9 � Three Roman legions are ambushed and massacred by the Germans in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
• 11 � Germania Inferior and the Rhine secured by Germanicus
• 14 � Death of Augustus, Tiberius becomes emperor
• 14/15 � Germanicus campaigns against the Germanic tribes
• 26 � Tiberius retires to Capri, governing Rome by proxy
• 28 � The tribe of the Frisii rebel because of taxes
• 31 � The fall of Sejanus
• 37 �Caligula becomes emperor
• 41 �Claudius becomes emperor
• 43 � Claudius orders the Roman invasion of Britain
• 54 �Nero becomes emperor
• 60/61 � Boudicca, queen of the Iceni, leads a rebellion that devastates Britain
• 64 � Rome is destroyed by fire; Nero blames the Christians and orders first persecution
• 66/74 � Jewish rebellions in Judea
• 68 � Nero commits suicide � end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty; succeeded by Galba
• 69 � Year of the four emperors: after the assassination of Galba, Otho and Vitellius briefly become emperors before Vespasian's accession to power in the end of the year; Flavian dynasty begins
• 69/70 � Civilis leads the Batavian rebellion in Germania Inferior; defeated by Quintus Petillius Cerialis
• 71/84 � pacification of Britain, conquest of modern Wales and Scotland
• 79 �
  • Titus Flavius becomes emperor
  • August 24, an eruption of Vesuvius destroys of Pompeii and Herculaneum
• 80 � Rome partially destroyed by fire
• 81 � Domitian becomes emperor
• 85 � king Decebalus of Dacia rebels and invades Moesia
• 89 � rebellions in Germania Inferior and Pannonia force peace with Decebalus of Dacia
• 96 � Domitian killed � end of Flavian dynasty; succeeded by Nerva, the first of the Five good emperors
• 98 � Trajan becomes emperor

2nd century

• 101/102 � First Dacian War
• 105/106 � Second Dacian War; king Decebalus commits suicide and Dacia becomes a province
• 106 � Building of Trajan's Forum and construction of Trajan's column
• 113/117 � Trajan's unsuccessful campaigns against the Parthian Empire
• 115/117 � Jewish rebellions in Egypt
• 117 � Hadrian becomes emperor
• 121/125 � Hadrian travels through the Northern Empire
• 122 � construction of Hadrian's Wall begins
• 128/132 � Hadrian travels through Africa and the Eastern Empire
• 131/135 - Jewish rebellions led by Simon bar Kokhba
• 138 � Antoninus Pius becomes emperor
• 140/143 � After a rebellion Antoninus conquers Scotland; construction of Antonine Wall begins
• 150/163 � rebellions in Scotland, Antonine Wall is abandoned and reoccupied several times
• 161 � Marcus Aurelius becomes emperor
• 162/166 � Lucius Verus unsuccessful campaigns against the Parthian Empire
• 167 � The tribe of the Marcomanni crosses the Danube and invades Dacia
• 168/175 � Marcus Aurelius' campaigns against the Marcomanni
• 180 � Death of Marcus Aurelius, the last of the Five good emperors; Commodus becomes emperor
• 184 � Antonine Wall abandoned for the last time
• 193 � Commodus is murdered. After the short two and a half month reign of Pertinax, Septimius Severus becomes emperor. There is opposition from first from Pescennius Niger, then from Clodius Albinus
• 197 � Septimius Severus secures the empire after the battle of Lugdunum
• 198 � Septimius Severus invades Parthia

3rd century

• 208/211 � Severus campaigns against the Caledonians
• 211 � Caracalla becomes emperor
• 217 � Caracalla murdered; Macrinus becomes emperor
• 218 � Elagabulus usurps the throne
• 222 � Alexander Severus becomes emperor
• 284 � Diocletian becomes emperor

4th century

• 330 � Constantine I makes Constantinople the capital
• 378 � Valens is defeated and killed by the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople
• 395 � Theodosius I divided the empire into two halves

5th century

• 410 � Rome is sacked by Alaric I
• 447 � Eastern Rome loses to Attila the Hun
• 455 � Rome is plundered by the Vandals
• 468 � Leo I launches a naval expedition against the Vandals
• 475 � Romulus Augustus becomes emperor
• 476 � Romulus Augustus forced to abdicate. Traditional date for the fall of the western Roman Empire.

6th century

• 533 � Justinian I begins to restore the empire in the west; Belisarius defeats the Vandals at the Battle of Ad Decimum and the Battle of Ticameron
• 536 � Belisarius recaptures Rome from the Ostrogoths
• 552 � Narses defeats the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Taginae
• 553 � Narses defeats the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Mons Lactarius
• 568 � The Lombards invade Italy; no further attempts to restore the empire

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History � Ancient History - Ancient Rome � Timeline of Ancient Rome

See also: List of ancient Romans � List of Roman battles � Military History of Rome � Political Institutions of Rome � Roman culture

References

• Adapted from the Wikipedia article, "Timeline_of_Ancient_Rome" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Ancient_Rome, used under the GNU Free Documentation License