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'''Arete''' (Greek: &Alpha;&rho;&epsilon;&tau;&eta;) in its basic sense means '[[goodness]]' or 'excellence' of any kind, especially &ldquo;[[manly]]&rdquo; qualities. In its earliest appearance in [[Greek language|Greek]] this notion of excellence was bound up with the notion of the fulfillment of purpose or function.  The moral excellence or arete of a man was then &#951;&#952;&#953;&#954;&#951;, &#945;&#961;&#949;&#964;&#951; or [[virtue]].

&ldquo;The root of the word is the same as '[[aristos]]', the word which shows superlative ability and [[superiority]], and 'aristos' was constantly used in the plural to denote the [[nobility]].&rdquo; <sup>1</sup> (see [[Aristocracy]])  The [[Ancient Greeks]] applied the term to anything: for example, the excellence of a [[horse]], the excellence of a [[bull]] to be [[breeding|bred]], and the excellence of a [[man]]. The meaning of the word changes depending on what it describes, since everything has its own particular excellence; the ''arete'' of a man is different from the ''arete'' of a horse.

&Alpha;&rho;&epsilon;&tau;&eta; was the central ideal of all Greek culture. <sup>2</sup> It infused everything the ancient Greeks did.  They strove for excellence in all their occupations and activities; moral, physical, creative and intellectual.  It is the core for understanding ancient Greek culture.  From this attitude, the [[Olympic Games]] and others were instituted by the Greeks for the "testing" of another one's arete in the physical field.  Literary contests were also developed to always examine who was the best composer and writer.  "Being the best" is what occupied their minds and made them strive for excellence in all that they did. It was what spurred their creative genius.

By the [[fourth century BC|fourth]] and [[fifth century BC|fifth]] centuries B.C.E., ''arete'' as applied to men had developed to include quieter virtues, such as ''dikaiosyne'' ([[justice]]) and ''sophrosyne'' ([[self-restraint]]). [[Plato]] attempted to produce a [[moral philosophy]] that incorporated this new usage (and in doing so developed ideas that played a central part in later [[Christian]] thought), but it was in the work of [[Aristotle]] that the doctrine  of ''arete'' found its fullest flowering.

==Homer==
In [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'' and ''[[Odyssey]]'', ''arete'' is mainly used of [[hero]]es and [[noble]]s, with especial reference to [[strength]] and [[courage]] ([[Penelope]]'s ''arete'', on the other hand, relates to [[co-operation]] (for which she's praised by [[Agamemnon]]).

==Paideia==
Arete is a significant part of the [[paideia]] of ancient Greeks:  the training of the boy to manhood. This training in arete included: [[physical training]], for which the Greeks developed the [[gymnasion]], mental training, which included [[oratory]], [[rhetoric]], and [[basic science]]s, and [[spiritual]] training, which included [[music]] and what is called [[virtue]].

==Examples of usage==
*&ldquo;Virtue (''arete'') then is a settled disposition of the mind determining the choice of actions and emotions, consisting essentially in the observance of the mean relative to us, this being determined by principle, that is, as the prudent man would determine it.&rdquo; Aristotle's ''Nicomachean Ethics'', II vi 15, translated H. Rackham (1934: Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press)
*&ldquo;Finally, brethren, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is just, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is gracious, if there is any '''excellence''' (''arete''), if there is anything worthy of praise, think about these things.&rdquo; ''New Testament'', Philippians 4.8.

==Greek Lexicon entry of synonyms==
From An ''English-Greek Lexicon'', by Younge, 1870 
[[Image:Excllence.jpg|thumb|scale:100|From Younge's ''An English-Greek Lexicon'' (1870)]]

==References==
# ''Paideia; the Ideals of Greek Culture'', [[Werner Jaeger]], Oxford University Press, NY, 1945. Vol. I, pg 5.
#''Paideia'', Vol. I, pg. 15.
==Sources and reading==
*''Greek&ndash;English Lexicon'', Liddell &amp; Scott (1883: Oxford, Oxford University Press)
*''Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture'', Werner Jaeger, trans. Gilbert Highet (1945: New York, Oxford University Press)
*&ldquo;Arete/Agathon/Kakon&rdquo;, G.B. Kerferd (in Paul Edwards <nowiki>[ed.-in-chief]</nowiki> ''The Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (1967: New York, Macmillan '&amp;'' The Free Press)
*''Arete, Ancient Writers, Papyri, and Inscriptions on the History and Ideals of Greek Athletics and Games'', Stephen G. Miller, Ares Publishers, Inc., Chicago, 1979. ISBN 0-89005-313-8

[[Category:Classical studies]]


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