United States Secretary of State
The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet.
Contents
History
On January 10, 1781, the Second Continental Congress created the office of "Secretary for Foreign Affairs" to head a "Department of Foreign Affairs". It wasn't until seven months later, on August 10, 1781, that the Continental Congress finally managed to elect a Secretary for Foreign Affairs. Robert R. Livingston was unable to take office until October 20, 1781.
This office ceased operation on March 4, 1789, when the Articles of Confederation gave way to the Constitution. On July 27, 1789, George Washington signed a congressional bill into law reauthorizing an executive Department of Foreign Affairs headed by a Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Congress then passed another law giving certain additional domestic responsibilities to the new Department and changing its name to the Department of State and the name of head of the department to the Secretary of State, and Washington approved this act on September 15, 1789. The new domestic duties assigned to the newly renamed department were receipt, publication, distribution, and preservation of laws of the United States, custody of the Great Seal of the United States, authentication of copies and preparation of commissions of executive branch appointments, and finally custody of the books, papers, and records of the Continental Congress including the Constitution itself and the Declaration of Independence.
Functions
Most of the original domestic functions of the Department of State have been transferred to other agencies. Those that remain in the Department are: storage and use of the Great Seal, performance of protocol functions for the White House, drafting of certain Presidential proclamations, formally accepting notice of the president's resignation, and replies to public inquiries. In addition, the Secretary performs such duties as the President is required, in accordance with the United States Constitution, relating to correspondence, commission, or instructions to U.S. ministers or consuls abroad, and to conduct negotiations with foreign representatives. The Secretary has also served as principal adviser to the President in the determination and execution of U.S. foreign policy and in recent decades has become responsible for overall direction, coordination, and supervision of interdepartmental activities of the U.S. Government overseas, except for certain military activities.
As the highest-ranking Cabinet member, the Secretary of State is fourth in line to succeed the Presidency, after the Vice President, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and President pro tempore of the Senate. (See the entire United States presidential line of succession).
Oath of Office
The Oath of Office for the Vice President, Secretary of State, and other federal employees is as follows:
"I do solemnly swear that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same, that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God."
Lists of Secretaries of State
Secretaries for Foreign Affairs
| Name | Term of Office |
|---|---|
| Robert R. Livingston | October 20, 1781 – June 4, 1783 |
| John Jay | May 7, 1784 – March 3, 1789 |
Secretaries of State
Template:Ref 1 In addition to the President listed, this Secretary of State served for a brief period of time (8 days or less) under that President's successor until a replacement could be named and confirmed.
Acting Secretaries of State
If the Secretary resigns, the United States Deputy Secretary of State serves as Acting Secretary of State until the President and Senate approve a formal replacement.
| Name | Term of Service |
|---|---|
| John Jay | March 4 – 22, 1790 |
| Timothy Pickering | August 20 – December 9, 1795 |
| Charles Lee | May 13 – June 5, 1800 |
| John Marshall | February 4 – March 4, 1801 |
| Levi Lincoln | March 5 – May 1, 1801 |
| John Graham | March 4 – 9, 1817 |
| Richard Rush | March 10 – September 22, 1817 |
| Daniel Brent | March 4 – 7, 1825 |
| James A. Hamilton | March 4 – 27, 1829 |
| Jacob L. Martin | March 4 – 5, 1841 |
| Hugh S. Legaré | May 9 – June 20, 1843 |
| William S. Derrick | June 21 – 23, 1843 |
| Abel P. Upshur | June 24 – July 23, 1843 |
| John Nelson (lawyer) | February 29 – March 31, 1844 |
| Charles M. Conrad | October 25 – November 5, 1852 |
| William Hunter | March 4 – 7, 1853 |
| William Hunter | December 15 – 16, 1860 |
| William F. Wharton | June 4 – 29, 1892 |
| William F. Wharton | February 24 – March 6, 1893 |
| Edwin F. Uhl | May 28 – June 9, 1895 |
| Alvey A. Adee | September 17 – 29, 1898 |
| Francis B. Loomis | July 1 – 18, 1905 |
| Robert Lansing | June 9 – 23, 1915 |
| Frank L. Polk | February 14 – March 12, 1920 |
| Joseph C. Crew | June 28 – July 3, 1945 |
| H. Freeman Matthews | January 20 – 21, 1953 |
| Livingston T. Merchant | January 20 – 21, 1961 |
| Charles E. Bohlen | January 20 – 22, 1969 |
| Kenneth Rush | September 3 – 22, 1973 |
| Philip C. Habib | January 20 – 23, 1977 |
| Warren Christopher | April 28 – May 2, 1980 |
| David Newsom | May 2 – 3, 1980 |
| Richard N. Cooper | May 3, |
| David Newsom | May 3 – 4, 1980 |
| Warren Christopher | May 4 – 8, 1980 |
| Walter J. Stoessel, Jr. | July 5 – 16, 1982 |
| Michael H. Armacost | January 20 – 25, 1989 |
| Lawrence Eagleburger | August 23 – December 8, 1992 |
| Arnold Lee Kantor | January 20, 1993 |
| Frank G. Wisner | January 20, 1993 |
External link
- List of Secretaries of State
References
- Adapted from the Wikipedia article, "United_States_Secretary_of_State" used under the GNU Free Documentation License